Post on 24-Dec-2015
I. REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS
in order for one population to become very different from another, they must be reproductively isolated,
there are Prezygotic mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization and Postzygotic mechanisms that prevent development of a zygote
this means that there will no longer be a free exchange of alleles between the two populations
1. PREZYGOTIC MECHANISMS
two populations do not exchange alleles with each other because they are in different geographic places or at different places within the same ecosystem
a. Ecological Isolation
eg. cheetah and tiger do not meet because one is in Africa and one in Asia
cheetah range tiger range
eg. Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger are both in northern India, but lion is on savannah and tiger in forest
b. Temporal Isolation
two populations do not exchange alleles because they are only available to exchange alleles at different times of year or even of the day
eg. morning glory opens its flower at sunrise; cactus opens its flowers at sunset
eg. purple finch mates in June so babies have access to lots of berry seeds
goldfinch mate in August so that babies have access to lots of thistle seeds
c. Behavioural isolation
two populations do not exchange alleles because they do not respond to each others mating rituals
eg. male grey crickets rub legs at 25 times a second
male black crickets at 45 times a second the females of each species only responds to the sound made by the male of that same species
d. Mechanical Isolation
two populations do not exchange alleles because of some physical barrier that prevents this
eg. many insects have modifications on their exoskeletons such that the male and female parts are a perfect 'lock-and-key' fit
eg. orchids are shaped so that only certain beetles can reach the nectar and therefore pick up the pollen, that beetle will the go to another orchid of the same type to deposit the pollen
e. Gametic isolation
two populations exchange sperm and eggs but chemical markers prevent the eggs from being fertilized by the 'wrong' sperm and so no alleles are exchanged
eg. wind blows the pollen of corn onto the flowers of milkweed, but the pollen can not grow down
through the stigma because it does not possess the correct enzyme
eg. clams and fish both shed eggs and sperm into the same water, but the clam sperm can not penetrate the fish eggs and vice versa, due to enzymes not being able to eat through zona pellucida
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS # 11-17
work on these HW
show is not over!!
2. POST-ZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS
a. Zygotic mortality - even though the zygote is created,it fails to develop to maturity
b. Hybrid inviability- even though the hybrid is born, it does not live long or is not as healthy
c. Hybrid infertility - even though the hybrid is healthy and vigourous, it is not able to reproduce
eg. donkey X horse mule
healthy and strong but mules are sterile
eg. lion X tiger liger
healthy & strong; but ligers are sterile
3. SPECIATION
when two populations become completely isolated and no longer exchange alleles, they are said to have formed separate species
a. Allopatric speciation - this is a situation in which the two populations are geographically isolated
prior to them becoming separate species
the population is isolated and then the changes occur due to new environments
b. Sympatric speciation - this is a situation where the two populations remain in physical contact with each other but still stop exchanging alleles and become separate species
although not separated, the population undergoes different selection pressures and changes occur over time in allele frequencies