How How Students Students

LearnLearn

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

BehaviorismBehaviorism CognitivismCognitivism ConstructivismConstructivism Multiple Multiple IntelligencesIntelligences

BehaviorismBehaviorism(Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner) – early-mid 20(Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner) – early-mid 20thth

CenturyCentury Particularly interested in measurable changes Particularly interested in measurable changes

in behaviorin behavior Behavior change indicates learningBehavior change indicates learning Stimulus & ResponseStimulus & Response

Critics claim behaviorists regard learners as Critics claim behaviorists regard learners as empty vessels needed to be filledempty vessels needed to be filled

– – stressesstressesteacher-centered approachesteacher-centered approaches

CognitivismCognitivism(Gagne, (1950s to late 20(Gagne, (1950s to late 20thth Century) Century) To complement behaviorismTo complement behaviorism Non observable mental constructs are also Non observable mental constructs are also

importantimportant Non observable are hard to measure & Non observable are hard to measure &

analyzableanalyzable– – stressesstresses

the mind: thinking, reflection, the mind: thinking, reflection, motivation, memory, student control, motivation, memory, student control,

metacognition, etc. metacognition, etc.

ConstructivismConstructivism(late 20(late 20thth Century till now) Century till now) Knowledge is actively constructed by Knowledge is actively constructed by

learnerlearner New knowledge is possible through New knowledge is possible through

reflection upon existing knowledge reflection upon existing knowledge Learning is a social processLearning is a social process

stresses stresses student-centered approaches, learning student-centered approaches, learning

rather than teaching, contextual, rather than teaching, contextual, cooperative, etc.cooperative, etc.

Multiple Multiple IntelligencesIntelligences

1 Linguistic 1 Linguistic 2 Logical-mathematical 2 Logical-mathematical 3 Spatial 3 Spatial 4 Bodily-kinesthetic 4 Bodily-kinesthetic 5 Musical 5 Musical 6 Naturalistic 6 Naturalistic 7 Interpersonal 7 Interpersonal 8 Intrapersonal 8 Intrapersonal

stresses stresses individual-centered approachesindividual-centered approaches

How Students How Students LearnLearn

MathematicsMathematics

How Students LearnHow Students LearnMathematicsMathematics

• GeneralizationGeneralization• DiscoveryDiscovery• InvestigationInvestigation• AuthenticAuthentic• MotivationMotivation• Recognizing Recognizing Patterns Patterns• Drill & Drill & PracticePractice• ReflectionReflection

• MnemonicsMnemonics• VisualizationVisualization• Connections Connections • CompetitionCompetition• Social Social InteractionInteraction• In IsolationIn Isolation• FunFun• Learn what they Learn what they like !like !

How Students How Students LearnLearn

MathematicsMathematics- Pythagoras - Pythagoras

TheoremTheoremInvestigation & Investigation &

DiscoveryDiscovery

How Students How Students LearnLearn

MathematicsMathematics- - Distances & Distances &

ScalesScalesThrough Authentic Through Authentic ActivitiesActivities

How Students How Students LearnLearn

MathematicsMathematics- - Basic Basic

Operations Operations & Beyond& BeyondThrough Competition & FunThrough Competition & Fun

Numbers - Numbers - DivisionDivision

If David Beckham gets $250 million If David Beckham gets $250 million in 5 years, what is his salary? Wage?in 5 years, what is his salary? Wage?

In a day? An hour? A second?In a day? An hour? A second?

in Rupiah !!!!!!!!in Rupiah !!!!!!!!

Through Interests & Through Interests & CuriosityCuriosity

How Students How Students LearnLearn

MathematicsMathematics- - GraphsGraphs

Multiple Intelligences: Multiple Intelligences: Through VisualizationsThrough Visualizations

How Students How Students LearnLearn

MathematicsMathematics- Formulas- Formulas

Through MnemonicsThrough Mnemonics

Through MnemonicsThrough Mnemonics

sin x = sin x =

kos x = kos x =

tan x = tan x =

hipotenus

tentang

hipotenus

sebelahan

sebelahan

tentang

How Some How Some Geniuses Geniuses

LearnLearnMathematicsMathematics

by Following Instructionsby Following Instructions

Found it

by Following Instructionsby Following Instructions

Found itFound it

by Following the Rulesby Following the Rules

by Following the Rulesby Following the Rules

by Following the Rulesby Following the Rules

by Following More Rulesby Following More Rules

by Following More Rulesby Following More Rules

by Following More Rulesby Following More Rules

by Recognizing Patterns by Recognizing Patterns

by Recognizing Patterns by Recognizing Patterns

by Peter the Greatby Peter the Great