Post on 21-Dec-2015
How Architectural Styles Develop
Many features develop over time
Development of one architectural solution in one culture often caused changes in architecture of another culture
Transitions occur from one time period to another
Also from one part of the country and world to another
Few structure are pure examples of one specific style
Styles are categorized and labeled by most common and outstanding features
Overlapping of characteristics is typical among Early American and European styles
Early American Architecture Influences
Need to begin with European styles
Such as English French Spanish Italian
English Architecture Includes several variations of common
features High-pitched roofs The massive chimneys Half-timber siding Small windows Exterior stone walls Wood may replace stone on exterior walls
Day English Architecture cont’d
Most commonly adapted English styles include Elizabethan Tudor
Elizabethan style
Typical Half-timber construction
Tudor style
Typical multiple gables
French Architecture
Several distinct types Two most common:
French Provincial French Chateau
French Provincial
Steeply pitched hip roofs Long projecting windows Corner quoins Curved lintels Towers
French Chateau
Symmetrical Mansard roofs
Originally designed by French architect François Mansard
French Provincial
Spanish and Italian
Share several similarities Arches Low-pitched roofs of ceramic tile Stucco exterior walls
Distinguishing feature of Spanish home
Open courtyard patio Two-story Spanish homes have
open balconies – often with grillwork trim
Spanish Architecture
Italian Architecture
Very similar to Spanish Features particular to Italian styles
Columns and arches Generally part of an entrance Windows or balconies open onto a loggia
An open passage covered by a roof Classical moldings around first floor
windows
Mediterranean
Both Spanish and Italian are classified as Mediterranean
Also called Southern European style
Italian Architecture
Contemporary Adaptation
Early American Styles
New England Colonial Mid-Atlantic Colonial Dutch Colonial Southern Colonial
Early American cont’d From diversity of background of
early settlers All the styles that developed in
various regions of the colonies European styles influenced
residential First England Then France
English styles had greatest impact
New England Colonial Colonists from New England
coastal areas Brought strong influence of English
architecture Lacked time and equipment Depended on locally available
building materials Had to simplify English styles
Became New England Colonial
New England Colonial cont’d
One of most popular New England Colonial styles Cape Cod
One-and-one-half story gabled-roof Central front chimney Exterior walls of clapboard or bevel
siding
New England Colonial cont’d
May include dormers Floor plan generally symmetrical Design features to overcome cold
winters Window shutters Small window areas Enclosed breezeways
Cape Cod
Mid-Atlantic Colonial Local influences
Availability of brick Seasonal climate Influence of the architecture of Thomas
Jefferson Located from Virginia to New Jersey Formal, massive and ornate Also called Classical Revival
Mid-Atlantic Colonial cont’d
Influenced by early Greek and Roman architecture
Included adaptations of many urban English designs
Georgian style is a simplified version
Mid-Atlantic Colonial
Dutch Colonial
Colonists from Netherlands and Germany
In New York and Pennsylvania Gambrel roof
Dutch Colonial
Southern Colonial
Early settlers migrated south Warmer climates and outdoor living
affected the designs House was center of plantation living Usually larger than most English
house Second story
Often with a veranda
Southern Colonial
Later American Styles
After the colonial period
Styles were influenced by Climate Availability of land Industrial developments Other architectural styles
Victorian Intricate house decorations
(gingerbread) developed Resulting from new machinery of the
Industrial Revolution Ornate items such as:
Finials Lintels Parapets balconies
Victorian
Ranch Style
Settlers moved west of the colonies
Adapted styles to meet their needs Availability of land eliminated need
for second floors Needed space spread horizontally
Ranch Style cont’d
Spanish and Mexican influences Southwestern ranch U-shaped plan with patio in middle
One-story Spanish/Mexican homes were the fore-runners of Southwestern Ranch styles
Southwestern Ranch
Influences on Contemporary Styles
Advances always depended on available building materials
American colonial builders had only wood, stone and some ceramic material Resulting in Early American architecture
Newer developments affect styles over time
Influences cont’d Styles never thought possible in the
past are now realities Forms Sizes Shapes
Many choices and styles possible now
Must be carefully combined to meet good design principles
Influences cont’d
Historical styles continue to have influence
Advancements in technology have great influence
Many different choices
Contemporary Style
Contemporary Features
Modern components incorporated into a French Provincial home
New Materials Many "new" materials are actually
old materials manufactured in new ways or different forms
Wood One of oldest materials New structural wood and synthetic
materials have affected shapes and sizes
Revolutionized the use of wood in architecture
New Materials cont’d
Plastics and New Glass products Changed designs dramatically Large double and triple glass sheets Structural forms Provide for many options
New Materials cont’d
Concrete Many new developments Factory-made concrete shapes
Steel One of the most profound impacts Can be built on location Shapes previously impossible High rise buildings
New Materials cont’d
Aluminum Used for framing and covering
lightweight structures
Steel has increased building heights
New Construction Methods
Skeleton Frame Construction One of the first methods using
modern materials Open frame to which wall coverings
are attached Frame provides support Covering provides shelter
Skeleton Frame Construction
New Methods cont’d
Now large pre-manufactured components can be used
Have fewer structural restrictions Lines may be
Simpler Bolder Less cluttered
New Materials con’td Can have more diversified
structural shapes No longer are architectural shapes
simply squares or cubes Triangles Octagons Pentagons Circles spheres