Post on 24-Feb-2016
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HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA
COLONIZING LATIN AMERICA Lasted for over four
hundred years, from 1492 to 1898
Two motivations:1. Trade2. Spread of the
Catholic faith through indigenous conversions
Spanish Set up four Viceroyalties:
1. New Spain2. New Granada 3. Peru4. La Plata
SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN LATIN AMERICAPenninsulares
(men born in Spain)Creoles
(Spaniards born in Latin America)Mestizos
(mixed European & Indian ancestry)Mulattos
(mixed European & African ancestry)Indians
(of little economic value)Africans
(majority enslaved)
THE ECONOMY IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA based on the ideas of “Mercantilism”• Africans & American Indians used as slave
labor• Lands are used for natural resources
ROAD TO REVOLUTION1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
2. Creole discontent
3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions.
4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting in other wars (the Napoleonic Wars)
5. Economic policies benefited Europeans at the expense of the native Latin Americans
EnlightenmentThinkers
Creole Discontent
Inspiration of American & French Revolutions
Declaration of Independence, 1776
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the
Citizen, 1789
Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic
Wars
Latin American Revolutions
Toussaint L’OuvetureLeads a Revolution
in Haiti(1804)
Haiti French colonyDate of Independence: 1804Independence Leaders: Toussiant-Louverture (former slave) Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s
general)Haitian Independence:
1791: slave revolt1801: Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves)1802: French troops arrive & agreement made to stop revolution1804: Dessalines starts revolution again and declares independence
MEXICO Spanish colonyDate of Independence:Independence Leaders: Miguel Hidalgo (priest/revolutionary leader) José María Morelos (priest/revolutionary leader) Agustín de Iturbide (Mexican general)
Mexican Independence: 1810: Hidalgo leads Mexican mestizos & Indians
in revolt 1811: Hidalgo captured & killed, Morelos
assumes leadership 1815: Morelos killed 1820: Iturbide names himself emperor 1823: Mexico becomes a republic
The “Muscle” of the RevolutionBolivar coming
from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the
Andes Mountains.
Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence
Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1816
Independence Leaders: Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
Argentiaian Independence: 1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government 1816= Martin declares independence
Argentina
Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1817
Independence Leaders: Jose de San Martin Bernardo O’Higgins (military officer)
Chile Independence: 1817= San Martin leads his army across the Andes into Chile 1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins and defeat the Spanish and declare independence
Chile
Simón Bolivar:
The “Brains”of theRevolution Creole leader of
the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1821/1822Independence Leaders: Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan - Creole/military general)
Gran Columbia Independence: 1811= Venezuela declares independence 1811-1821= Revolts against Spanish 1821= Bolivar wins independence 1821= Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador,
& Panama 1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation
called Gran Columbia established
Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama
Bolivar’s Accomplishment
Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1824
Independence Leaders: Jose de San Martin Simon Bolivar
Peruvian Independence: 1821= San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to drive out the remaining Spanish1822= San Martin joins Bolivar/combines
army 1822= San Martin leaves for Europe1822= Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador,
and Panama1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of
Ayacucho
Peru
Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin
Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1825Independence Leaders: Simon BolivarBolivian Independence: 1824= Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish
from Peru1825= Upper Peru separates and names itself Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar)
Bolivia
Bolivar’s Failure After uniting
Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!
Brazil Freed from Portugal The Portuguese royal family
escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.