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History of History of GermanyGermany
Lecture: Adenauer GermanyLecture: Adenauer Germany
ScheduleSchedule
1.1. The establishment of the The establishment of the Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany
2.2. West integration and German West integration and German unityunity
3.3. The ‘Economic Miracle‘The ‘Economic Miracle‘4.4. The burden of the pastThe burden of the past5.5. The culture of the 1950’sThe culture of the 1950’s6.6. The end of an eraThe end of an era7.7. ConclusionConclusion
BasicsBasics Basic LawBasic Law Human rights are part of constitution and bind both executive Human rights are part of constitution and bind both executive
and legislativeand legislative Federal Constitutional Court checks laws and actions of Federal Constitutional Court checks laws and actions of
government if they are compatible with constitutiongovernment if they are compatible with constitution Federal Structure: Bundesrat (federal council) part of Federal Structure: Bundesrat (federal council) part of
legislativelegislative Parliament (Bundestag): 50% of deputies elected in Parliament (Bundestag): 50% of deputies elected in
constituencies, 50% on party lists in lands, decisive for constituencies, 50% on party lists in lands, decisive for number of deputies is more or less relative share of national number of deputies is more or less relative share of national votes, a party has to have at least 5% of the votes or 1 (later 3) votes, a party has to have at least 5% of the votes or 1 (later 3) elected deputy(ies) in constituencyelected deputy(ies) in constituency
Weak Federal President, strong Federal ChancellorWeak Federal President, strong Federal Chancellor Chancellor elected by parliament, can only be removed when Chancellor elected by parliament, can only be removed when
parliament elects in the same procedure new chancellorparliament elects in the same procedure new chancellor
Election Campaign 1949Election Campaign 1949 CDUCDU Social market Social market
economyeconomy Close cooperation with Close cooperation with
Occupation powersOccupation powers German unity (but German unity (but
priority given to priority given to Western integration)Western integration)
Anti-communismAnti-communism Konrad AdenauerKonrad Adenauer
SPDSPD Plan economyPlan economy A more independent A more independent
policypolicy German unity (free German unity (free
and democratic, but and democratic, but neutral Germany neutral Germany acceptable)acceptable)
Anti-communismAnti-communism Kurt SchumacherKurt Schumacher
Kurt Schumacher (1895-1952), the leader of the Social Democratic Party (SPD)
Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967), the leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
1949
Party % deputies
CDU/CSU 31,0% 139
SPD 29,2% 131
FDP 11,9% 52
KPD/DKP 5,7% 15
DRP 1,8% 5
DP 4,0% 17
BP 4,2% 17
Zentrum 3,1% 10
Sonstige 9,1% 16
Elections August 14, 1949
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Minister of Economics Ludwig Erhard, President Theodor Heuss
Why were extremist parties Why were extremist parties not successfullnot successfull
Allied control: parties needed concession of High Allied control: parties needed concession of High CommissionerCommissioner
SRP forbidden 1951 by Federal Constitutional SRP forbidden 1951 by Federal Constitutional CourtCourt
KPD forbidden 1956 by Federal Constitutional KPD forbidden 1956 by Federal Constitutional CourtCourt
Right wing parties as Bund der Right wing parties as Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteteten (BHE) Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteteten (BHE) absorbed by CDU/CSUabsorbed by CDU/CSU
Nationalist takeover of Liberal party (FDP) Nationalist takeover of Liberal party (FDP) prevented by Allies (arrest of leaders)prevented by Allies (arrest of leaders)
Economic success storyEconomic success story
19571953
ScheduleSchedule
1.1. The establishment of the The establishment of the Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany
2.2. West integration and German West integration and German unityunity
3.3. The ‘Economic Miracle‘The ‘Economic Miracle‘4.4. The burden of the pastThe burden of the past5.5. The culture of the 1950’sThe culture of the 1950’s6.6. The end of an eraThe end of an era7.7. ConclusionConclusion
Adenauer’s Strategy for West Adenauer’s Strategy for West GermanyGermanyInternational recognition by integration, Democratisation by International recognition by integration, Democratisation by
Westernisation, reconciliation with France, close Westernisation, reconciliation with France, close relationship with United States – essential for security in relationship with United States – essential for security in bipolar international system (Soviet Threat)bipolar international system (Soviet Threat)
Western allies and Western European countriesWestern allies and Western European countriesDefeat German militarism and idea of revenge by integrationDefeat German militarism and idea of revenge by integration
What helped?What helped?Perceived Soviet Threat: especially after 1949 (Soviet Atomic Perceived Soviet Threat: especially after 1949 (Soviet Atomic
Bomb): German participation needed, good bargaining Bomb): German participation needed, good bargaining position for Adenauer: concessionsposition for Adenauer: concessions
Korean War 1950 - 1953Korean War 1950 - 1953
Economic, political and Economic, political and military integrationmilitary integration
1951 Signing (in Paris) of the European Coal and Steel 1951 Signing (in Paris) of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)Community (ECSC)
1952 Signing (in Paris) of the European Defense Community 1952 Signing (in Paris) of the European Defense Community (EDC)(EDC)
1954 Signing of the Paris Agreements. FRG/BRD is invited to 1954 Signing of the Paris Agreements. FRG/BRD is invited to join NATO permitting West German rearmament and Italy join NATO permitting West German rearmament and Italy and the FRG/BRD accede to the Western European Union and the FRG/BRD accede to the Western European Union (WEU)(WEU)
1957 The Treaty of Rome is signed establishing the European 1957 The Treaty of Rome is signed establishing the European Economic Community Economic Community
1963 French-German Friendship Treaty is signed in Paris 1963 French-German Friendship Treaty is signed in Paris
1956
The fight for the rearmament of Germany
Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle,1962 Reims
GermanyGermany 1952 Stalin note: offer of neutral, unified Germany1952 Stalin note: offer of neutral, unified Germany 1952 Signing (in Bonn) of FRG's "Germany Treaty" (which 1952 Signing (in Bonn) of FRG's "Germany Treaty" (which
includes reunification as a political goal) includes reunification as a political goal) 1953 (June 17): Riots in East Berlin1953 (June 17): Riots in East Berlin 1955 Paris Treaty in force (establishing sovereignity for West 1955 Paris Treaty in force (establishing sovereignity for West
Germany [FRG/BRD])Germany [FRG/BRD]) 1955 Chancellor Adenauer visits Moscow1955 Chancellor Adenauer visits Moscow 1957 The Saar returns to Germany as a 1957 The Saar returns to Germany as a LandLand (to be followed (to be followed
in 3 years by economic reintegration) in 3 years by economic reintegration) 1958 Chrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum1958 Chrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum 1961 Berlin Wall – cementing partition1961 Berlin Wall – cementing partition
Stalinnote of March 10, 1952 and April 9, 1952
Offer: Unification of Germany
Price: Neutralisation of Germany
Aim: To prevent integration of West Germany in Western military alliance system
Historiography:
• Serious offer of Soviet Union
• Move in propaganda war
ScheduleSchedule
1.1. The establishment of the The establishment of the Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany
2.2. West integration and German West integration and German unityunity
3.3. The ‘Economic Miracle‘The ‘Economic Miracle‘4.4. The burden of the pastThe burden of the past5.5. The culture of the 1950’sThe culture of the 1950’s6.6. The end of an eraThe end of an era7.7. ConclusionConclusion
Cologne1945
ProblemsProblems Limited souvereignityLimited souvereignity Total government expenditures in 1950: 11.6 Total government expenditures in 1950: 11.6
billion DM, 4.2 billion DM for occupation costs billion DM, 4.2 billion DM for occupation costs (36% of budget)(36% of budget)
High unemployment (1950: 10%)High unemployment (1950: 10%) Almost 8 million displaced persons had to be Almost 8 million displaced persons had to be
integratedintegrated Housing shortageHousing shortage War destructions, war invalidsWar destructions, war invalids Reparation payments and demontage (until Reparation payments and demontage (until
1949 more than 3,4 billion $ (in prices of 1938)1949 more than 3,4 billion $ (in prices of 1938)
PlusesPluses Level of destruction not as high as expectedLevel of destruction not as high as expected American aid (Marshal plan)American aid (Marshal plan) Interest of Western European countries and the United Interest of Western European countries and the United
States in a prosperous German economy as States in a prosperous German economy as precondition for the reconstruction of European economyprecondition for the reconstruction of European economy
Skilled workforce availableSkilled workforce available Successful currency reform in 1948Successful currency reform in 1948 Conflict between Western Allies and Soviet UnionConflict between Western Allies and Soviet Union Korean WarKorean War Long period of economic growth in most important Long period of economic growth in most important
capitalist countriescapitalist countries Ludwig Erhard and his Soziale Marktwirtschaft (social Ludwig Erhard and his Soziale Marktwirtschaft (social
market economy)market economy) Trade unions united under social democratic leadership, Trade unions united under social democratic leadership,
cooperativecooperative Work as an compensation for refusal to confront with the Work as an compensation for refusal to confront with the
German war crimes ?German war crimes ?
Growth RateGrowth Rate Gross Gross National National
ProductProduct 1951: 1951: 10.9%10.9% 1952: 1952: 9.09.0 1953: 1953: 7.97.9 1954: 1954: 7.27.2 1955: 1955: 12.012.0 1956: 1956: 7.07.0 1957: 1957: 5.85.8 1958:1958: 3.33.3 1959: 1959: 6.96.9 1960: 1960: 8.88.8 1961: 1961: 4.34.3 1962: 1962: 4.74.7 1963: 1963: 2.82.8
19501950 983.7 Billion DM983.7 Billion DM 19631963 2003.0 Billion DM2003.0 Billion DM
Per capitaPer capita 19501950 2,100 DM2,100 DM 19631963 6,700 DM6,700 DM
SuccessesSuccesses
Unemployment 1950: 2 MillionUnemployment 1950: 2 Million1960: a few 1960: a few ten thousandten thousand
Export surplusExport surplus Improved living standard (‘Fresswelle’)Improved living standard (‘Fresswelle’) Real wages 1965 twice as high as 1950Real wages 1965 twice as high as 1950 Mobility (social and other) Mobility (social and other) Social policy: Equalization of burden Social policy: Equalization of burden
(Lastenausgleich) 1952, Progressive (Lastenausgleich) 1952, Progressive growth of pensions 1957growth of pensions 1957
The German actor Gert Fröbe in Berliner Ballad (1948)
Gert Fröbe in the 1960‘s
ScheduleSchedule
1.1. The establishment of the The establishment of the Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany
2.2. West integration and German West integration and German unityunity
3.3. The ‘Economic Miracle‘The ‘Economic Miracle‘4.4. The burden of the pastThe burden of the past5.5. The culture of the 1950’sThe culture of the 1950’s6.6. The end of an eraThe end of an era7.7. ConclusionConclusion
Nazi past Nazi past Conscious effort to break with Nazi past, “inventing” a Conscious effort to break with Nazi past, “inventing” a
liberal, democratic, western Germanyliberal, democratic, western Germany Amnesty laws 1949 and 1950: people with ‘minor’ Amnesty laws 1949 and 1950: people with ‘minor’
crimes, sentences amnestiedcrimes, sentences amnestied Rehabilitation of the WehrmachtRehabilitation of the Wehrmacht Integration of old elites – including leading members of Integration of old elites – including leading members of
Nazi party and organisationsNazi party and organisations Stabilizing effect: no strong nationalist (national Stabilizing effect: no strong nationalist (national
socialist) opposition – potential absorbed by CDU and socialist) opposition – potential absorbed by CDU and CSUCSU
Costs: Ethical, have not to confront Nazi past and many Costs: Ethical, have not to confront Nazi past and many thousands not punished for crimesthousands not punished for crimes
Nazi PastNazi Past
Hans Globke (1898-1973)Wrote in 1935 a commentary to the Nuremberg lawsDirector of the Federal Chancellery, 1953-1963
Theodor Oberländer (1905-1998)Advising officer of the Wehrmacht on minority questions (Eastern Front)Minister for Displaced Persons and Refugees (1953-1960)
But…But… 1952 Signing of the Reconciliation Treaty 1952 Signing of the Reconciliation Treaty
between Israel and West Germanybetween Israel and West Germany Financial compensation for Jewish propertyFinancial compensation for Jewish property Since end of 1950’s: Trials against War Since end of 1950’s: Trials against War
Criminals and guards of Concentration CampsCriminals and guards of Concentration Camps Zentralstelle der Landesjustizverwaltung zur Zentralstelle der Landesjustizverwaltung zur
Aufklärung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen Aufklärung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen 1958 (Ludwigsburger Zentralstelle)1958 (Ludwigsburger Zentralstelle)
Historians publish books on HolocaustHistorians publish books on Holocaust Critical novels, poems, theatre productions, Critical novels, poems, theatre productions,
films on Nazi pastfilms on Nazi past
ScheduleSchedule
1.1. The establishment of the The establishment of the Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany
2.2. West integration and German West integration and German unityunity
3.3. The ‘Economic Miracle‘The ‘Economic Miracle‘4.4. The burden of the pastThe burden of the past5.5. The culture of the 1950’sThe culture of the 1950’s6.6. The end of an eraThe end of an era7.7. ConclusionConclusion
The FiftiesThe Fifties Escapist Optimism: Dominance of HollywoodEscapist Optimism: Dominance of Hollywood Heimatfilms, Romances and “Sissi” (Austrian Heimatfilms, Romances and “Sissi” (Austrian
Empress Elisabeth) Films These films stressed a Empress Elisabeth) Films These films stressed a timeless world of unchanged social order and were timeless world of unchanged social order and were kitschykitschy
[Later, in the early 1960s some Westerns (Karl [Later, in the early 1960s some Westerns (Karl May Westerns), and Thrillers (Edgar Wallace, with May Westerns), and Thrillers (Edgar Wallace, with Klaus Kinski).]Klaus Kinski).]
The Fifties were very successful at the Box office. The Fifties were very successful at the Box office. But also some films which did not fit in this But also some films which did not fit in this
picture: Die Suenderin (the sinner) with Hildegard picture: Die Suenderin (the sinner) with Hildegard Knef 1950, Der Untertan by Wolfgang Staudte Knef 1950, Der Untertan by Wolfgang Staudte 1951, Die Halbstarken (1957) with Horst Buchholz1951, Die Halbstarken (1957) with Horst Buchholz
1951
1956 – 1958: 96 youth riots in major German cities
1956
German ‘schlager’ musicGerman ‘schlager’ music
80% of all sold 80% of all sold copies: recordings copies: recordings of German of German ‘schlager’‘schlager’
Conny Froboess
Freddy Quinn
1956
Americanisation
Peter Kraus
ScheduleSchedule
1.1. The establishment of the The establishment of the Federal Republic of GermanyFederal Republic of Germany
2.2. West integration and German West integration and German unityunity
3.3. The ‘Economic Miracle‘The ‘Economic Miracle‘4.4. The burden of the pastThe burden of the past5.5. The culture of the 1950’sThe culture of the 1950’s6.6. The end of an eraThe end of an era7.7. ConclusionConclusion
Ludwig Erhard (1897-1977)Minister of Economy, 1949-1963Bundeskanzler, 1963-1966
Willy Brandt (1913-1992)
Mayor of Berlin, 1957-1966
Bundeskanzler, 1966-1972
1. Konrad Adenauer, Politiker (1876-1967) 2. Martin Luther, Kirchenreformator (1483-1546) 3. Karl Marx, Philosoph und Nationalökonom (1818-1883) 4. Sophie und Hans Scholl, Widerstandskämpfer ("Weiße Rose") (1921/1918-1943) 5. Willy Brandt, Politiker (1913-1992) 6. Johann Sebastian Bach, Komponist (1685-1750) 7. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Schriftsteller (1749-1832) 8. Johannes Gutenberg, Erfinder des Buchdrucks (1400-1468) 9. Otto von Bismarck, Politiker (1815-1898) 10. Albert Einstein, Naturwissenschaftler (1879-1955)
Unsere Besten, ZDF Ranking 2003
ConclusionConclusion
StabilisationStabilisation Diversification (Pluralisierung)Diversification (Pluralisierung) InternationalisationInternationalisation Tradition AND MondernityTradition AND Mondernity