Post on 13-Dec-2015
Health Education Health Education in the Community in the Community
Theoretical BasesTheoretical Bases
Theories describe, explain, and predict behaviors within a functional framework
Theories about health education and behavior change help nurses understand behavior and develop useful strategies that influence people’s health
Theoretical Bases: ConceptsTheoretical Bases: Concepts
Advocacy Barriers Benefits Cognitive
dissonance
Empowerment Motivation Readiness Self-efficacy
Theoretical Bases: Theoretical Bases: Learning TheoryLearning Theory
Assumptions of adult learning theory: Adults perceive themselves to be self-directed:
They want to have a say in what they learn Adults have a variety of life experiences and are
insulted if these experiences are ignored: The wise teacher will build on these experiences
Theoretical Bases: Theoretical Bases: Learning TheoryLearning Theory
Assumptions of adult learning theory: Adults learn better when they see an immediate
need: They are goal directed Timing education to coincide with an
immediate need is more effective because the learner will see the immediate goal and be ready to learn
Theoretical Bases: Theoretical Bases: Behavior Change TheoryBehavior Change Theory
Health belief model Harm reduction model Goal-setting theory Theory of reasoned action Social learning theory Diffusion theory Social marketing theory
Transtheoretical ModelTranstheoretical Model
Precontemplative Contemplative Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse
Processes to Enhance Processes to Enhance Progression Through StagesProgression Through Stages
Consciousness raising
Dramatic relief Environmental
reevaluation Self-reevaluation Self-liberation
Helping relationships Social liberation Counter conditioning Stimulus control Reinforcement
management
The Health Education ProcessThe Health Education Process
Health education is a process of planned teaching and support activities that help people learn
The education process follows the format of the nursing process (assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation)
Assessment: What to AssessAssessment: What to Assess
Client understanding of the problem in question
Client perception of need to change Motivation to change: severity of problem
and risks caused by the problem Readiness to change
Assessment: What to AssessAssessment: What to Assess
Self-efficacy Perceived benefits
to change Perceived barriers
to change Psychosocial issues Learning skills
PlanningPlanning
The nurse and client discuss learning needs and goals and then negotiate to produce a list of learning objectives
The goals and objectives provide direction for implementation and guide evaluation
Objectives are specific and measurable Objectives address different domains of learning
Domains of LearningDomains of Learning
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Affective
ImplementationImplementation
Design teaching based on assessments of individual clients
Develop educational objectives with input from the learner
Create a learning environment Keep things simple
ImplementationImplementation
Focus on one issue at a time Be sure written materials are appropriate Be specific Avoid threatening messages that generate fear Explain what you will be teaching and why it
is important
ImplementationImplementation
Provide for success Use a variety of teaching methods Provide visual learning materials Show the client what is expected Skills require practice Involve all senses in practice sessions
ImplementationImplementation
Develop mechanisms for support Discuss resources for further information Review major points of each learning
session Keep learners involved: Ask for feedback
and evaluation
EvaluationEvaluation
Evaluation is a process of gathering information to assess the extent to which learning objectives have been met or not met
All evaluation methods should be based on the learning objectives
Summative evaluation Formative evaluation
Health Education Health Education in Communitiesin Communities
Individuals, families, & groups Discharge
teaching Community-
based teaching
Advantages to Teaching in Advantages to Teaching in Client’s HomeClient’s Home
Nurse can assess the client’s environment and make changes to the teaching plan to compensate for problems and to take advantage of strengths
The family can be more easily involved
Advantages to Teaching in Advantages to Teaching in Client’s HomeClient’s Home
The client will usually be more comfortable in his or her own environment
The client will be learning in the environment in which he or she will be using new information to perform new skills and behaviors
CommunityCommunity
Health education at the community level begins with community assessment
Planning requires community involvement Encourage an implementation process that
helps a community meet its own needs Effective evaluation determines progress
toward goals and identifies goals not met
CommunityCommunity
Data from evaluation are used to: Determine if unmet goals are still a priority Plan interventions to address unmet goals Assess the impact of goals that have been
achieved Assess evolving needs Establish new community goals and objectives
Ethical Issues Ethical Issues in Health Educationin Health Education
Manipulation of behavior versus information dissemination
Obligation of nurses to keep up with advances in health care
Social and economic barriers related to growing gap between classes
Community and cultural norms