Transcript of GULF WAR -- Vinaya Patil (9418) -- Ritika Dange (9403) -- Vinodhini Patil (9419)
- Slide 1
- GULF WAR -- Vinaya Patil (9418) -- Ritika Dange (9403) --
Vinodhini Patil (9419)
- Slide 2
- Introduction: First major conflict involving the United States
since Vietnam Saddam Hussein ordered an invasion of Kuwait in
August, 1990 and the Iraqi forces quickly seized control of the
small nation. Immediately, Bush administration launched a campaign
of diplomacy to gain international support. Allied troops were
deployed to Saudi Arabia.
- Slide 3
- Bush gave an ultimatum to Saddam: Withdraw from Kuwait by
January, 1991 When the deadline was ignored, an air campaign was
launched against Iraq, devastating them. Bush called a ceasefire in
February, 1991. The war officially ended on March 3 rd with the
victory of the U.S.
- Slide 4
- MEDIA COVERAGE
- Slide 5
- Media coverage of Gulf War: Heavily televisioned war Newspapers
and Magazines all over the world covered the war. But, U.S. policy
regarding media freedom was restricted. The media coverage of the
Gulf war became a source of controversy, media outlets were accused
of bias, reporters were casualties of both Iraqi and American
gunfire.
- Slide 6
- Criticism : Media coverage of Gulf war has been highly
criticized. Analysis show, corruption and duplicity of governments
media campaigns in support of the war. It also blames the media for
dismissing the actual human and fiscal costs of the conflict. The
organization, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) analyzed
the media coverage during the Gulf War.
- Slide 7
- Coverage of U.S.: American Society of Newspaper Editors advised
journalists to be fair and unbiased. But the question remained, how
journalists and the public should assess whether fairness and
balance have been achieved?? A research conducted on the media,
focuses on how daily newspapers treated pro and anti war advocacy
during the height of the Gulf war. Agenda setting theory suggests
that if particular points of view are given more attention than
others, their public salience will increase and alter public
debates.
- Slide 8
- U.S. mainstream media coverage: Most popular cable network in
U.S. for news was Fox News. Fox News was owned by Rupert Murdoch
and was a strong supporter of the Gulf War. Its pro-war commentary
was in contrast to many U.S. newspapers editorials, which were
hesitant about going to war. Western networks also gave some
coverage to anti-war protests and rallies, anti-U.S. protests in
Iraq and celebrities and politicians that were against the war.
Celebrities included: Actor Tim Robbins, Mike Farrell, Martin
Sheen, Michael Moore etc.
- Slide 9
- Another media house, MSNBC ran a tribute called Americas
Bravest It fired people who critiqued Bushs Iraq policy. One such
reporter was Phil Donahur. Viewership from pre-war to post-war: Fox
News was at number One followed by CNN and then MSNBC. A study
compared the number of insurgent attacks in Iraq to the number of
anti-resolve statements in U.S. media. The results were termed as
emboldment effect and concluded that insurgent groups respond
rationally to the expected probability of Americas withdrawal.
- Slide 10
- Criticisms of pro-invasion Bias: University of Maryland did a
study on American public opinion. 57% of mainstream media viewers
believed the falsity that Iraq gave substantial support to
Al-Qaeda, or was directly involved in September 11 attacks. 69%
believed the falsity that Saddam Hussein was personally involved in
September 11 attacks. 22% believed the falsity that weapons of mass
destruction had been found in Iraq. In the composite analysis, 80%
of Fox News viewers had one or more of these misperceptions, in
contrast to 71% for CBS and 27% who tuned to NPR/PBS.
- Slide 11
- A study was released by FAIR: It states that current or former
government or military officials accounted for 76% of sources for
news stories about Iraq aired on news channels. Journalists found
it difficult to report from Iraq. Many media bureaus were
abandoned.
- Slide 12
- Pentagon Military analyst Group: Investigation by New York
Times Pentagon officials met with news analysts and gave them
special information. They convinced the media people to speak
favourably about the war.
- Slide 13
- U.S. Independent media coverage: Journalists from invading
countries reported in a way that was difficult to control by any
government or political party. War in Iraq, for the first time in
history, showed that military on front line was able to provide
direct, uncensored reportage themselves. Reporting sites such as
Soldier blogs or milblogs were started during the war.
- Slide 14
- Non- US Media Coverage Differed in tone and content-
journalists were more cautious, and rigorously citied sources HMS
Ark Royal : British Naval Vessel, demanded BBC to be turned off due
to its apparent pro- Iraq bias. Sailors claim that BBC gave more
credit to Iraqi reports, and questioned the reports coming from
coalition sources.
- Slide 15
- Al Jazeera: Arab Media Outfit civilian casualties referred to
as martyrs, press conferences with Iraqi officials claiming to win
the war and American and British POWs that the US Media refused to
air. Other Arab networks downplayed the scenes of Iraqi citizens
cheering coalition forces entering their towns. Referred to US and
British forces as invading forces while Western media used
coalition forces.
- Slide 16
- Emerging Competition Abu Dhabi TV matured into Al Jazeera
rival. Other channels such as Al Arabiya
- Slide 17
- Iraqi Media Coverage Was under tight state control prior to
invasion. Youth TV- most popular TV station - Uday (Saddam Husseins
eldest son) Saddam Husseins govt maintained strangehold on Iraqi
Media outlets in which, insulting the president or other govt
authorities is punishable by death.
- Slide 18
- In wake of invasion, Iraqi media changed drastically. Number of
media houses started increasing both in and outside the country.
Many were closely linked with political or religious organizations
and safeguarded the interests of their backers. This is said to
have led to increased sectarianism in the country.
- Slide 19
- The budding Iraqi media was subject to US manipulation. Los
Angeles Times on November 2005 reported on secret Pentagon Program
to pay Iraqi media outlets to publish articles favourable of the US
invasion. The Lincoln Group- subcontractors that wrote and placed
stories with headlines such as, Iraqis Insist On Living Despite
Terrorism and More Money Goes to Iraqs Development. In march 2006,
General George, the Army's second in command, indicated that this
practice, which did not "violate U.S. law or Pentagon guidelines,"
would continue.
- Slide 20
- Embedded Journalists Around 600 journalists were "embedded"
with military units, 80% being British or American. Robert Entman,
professor of communication at the George Washington University and
critic of mainstream media for decades, indicated it was a very
wise tactic from the Pentagon
- Slide 21
- He mentioned there were more chances for the journalists to
make favorable reports whilst in Iraq with British and American
soldiers than if they had been asking questions in Washington.
Entman indicated there is a natural cultural bias of American
journalists in favor of military troops of their own country and
that journalists do like to satisfy the government upon which they
rely for information, as well as the public on whom they depend
commercially.
- Slide 22
- Entman also mentioned the high number of retired generals
making comments on TV, pointing out these could not be considered
independent experts as they were still paid by the government. He
claims the BBC was much more neutral and informative on cultural
and historical background than most American television
reports.
- Slide 23
- The Ministry of Defense explained "maintaining morale as well
as information dominance will rank as important as physical
protection". An MoD-commissioned commercial analysis of the print
output produced by embeds shows that 90% of their reporting was
either "positive or neutral."
- Slide 24
- Firdos Square Controversy
- Slide 25
- On April 9, 2003, a large statue of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad's
Firdos Square, directly in front of the Palestine Hotel where the
world's journalists had been quartered, was toppled by a U.S. M88
tank recovery vehicle surrounded by dozens of celebrating Iraqis,
who had been attempting to pull down the statue earlier with little
success.Saddam HusseinFirdos Square Palestine Hotel
- Slide 26
- The M88 was able to topple the statue which was jumped upon by
Iraqi citizens who then decapitated the head of the statue and
dragged it through the streets of the city hitting it with their
shoes. The destruction of the statue was shown live on cable news
networks as it happened and made the front pages of newspapers and
covers of magazines all over the world - symbolizing the fall of
the Hussein government. The images of the statue falling came as a
shock to many Arab viewers, who had thought that Iraq was winning
the war.
- Slide 27
- The event was widely publicized, but allegations that it had
been staged were soon published. One picture from the event,
published in the London Evening Standard, was allegedly doctored to
make the crowd appear larger. Los Angeles Times stated it was an
unnamed Marine colonel, not Iraqi civilians who had decided to
topple the statue; and that a quick-thinking Army psychological
operations team then used loudspeakers to encourage Iraqi civilians
to assist and made it all appear spontaneous and Iraqi-inspired.
According to Tim Brown at Globalsecurity.org: "It was not
completely stage-managed from Washington, DC but it was not exactly
a spontaneous Iraqi operation."
- Slide 28
- Operation Desert Scam Desert Storm was the military operation
but the whole operartion in itself turned out to be more of a scam
due to levels of fraud involved. The question : Why were people
surprised at the weakness of the Iraqi ground resistance? Answer :
Because they trusted the media, and the media trusted the U.S.
military.
- Slide 29
- The Disinformation Campaign Newsday's Susan Sachs (3/1/91)
reported how the Pentagon intentionally placed false estimates of
Iraqi defenses in the U.S. press: "There was a great disinformation
campaign surrounding this war," one senior commander boasted.
"We've known for weeks that the lines weren't that formidable,"
Gen. Walter Boomer told Sachs. "But we wanted to let Iraqis think
we still thought they were big. The Disinformation Campaign was
more for American citizens than for Saddam Hussein: 1. Justifying a
massive military build-up 2. Then making the Pentagon into a hero
for knocking down a straw man. George Bush's unprecedented rating
in the polls was the fruit of this deception.
- Slide 30
- Victimisation Of American Citizens & Public Opinion Formed
By U.S. Media Sometimes the deaths occurring in Iraq were literally
forgotten, as when Ted Koppel (1/23/91), on a day when clearing
weather allowed 2,000 bombing runs over Baghdad, said, "Aside from
the Scud missile that landed in Tel Aviv earlier, it's been a quiet
night in the Middle East. The compassion that might have been
extended to the innocents under U.S. bombing seemed reserved
instead for another "victim"the U.S. citizen. In terms of forming
public opinion experts on economics and psychology were brought on
TV to explain how Saddam Hussein was hurting the American public,
which helped to dissolve any residual guilt they might feel over
the destruction of Baghdad.
- Slide 31
- Terror Theme Played By Media The way the media established the
living-room participant as a sort of vicarious casualty was by the
incessant repetition of the terrorism theme. Report after report
about terrorism was based on nothing more than the speculation of
self-styled terrorism "experts," Example: "Anti-terrorism experts
say an attack in the U.S. can be expected.... [The question is] not
if an attack, but when." (NBC, 1/22/91) The experts usually turned
out to be either Bush administration officials or corporate
security consultants for whom fear means business, or sometimes
both. Example: Billie Vincent, a member of Bush's anti-terrorism
task force and president of a company that designed security
systems for airports, wrote a New York Times op-ed (2/26/91) piece
with the unsurprising rallying cry, "Improve airline bomb
detection."
- Slide 32
- Weapons Fetishism Meanings: - Excessive devotion to one object
or one idea. - An object regarded with awe - Excessive or
irrational devotion to some activity.
- Slide 33
- A phenomenon related to the domination of the media discussion
by retired military men was a near-worship of weapons. Journalists
revered U.S. weaponrya CNN reporter (1/16/91) described the "sweet
beautiful sight" of bombers taking off from Saudi Arabiaand
attributed moral failings to Iraqi munitions, as when NBC's Arthur
Kent (1/17/91) called the Scud "an evil weapon, but not an accurate
weapon." While Peter Jennings talked about the "brilliance of
laser-guided bombs," (1/21/91) he described the Scud as "a
horrifying killer," (1/22/91) even though the effects of the U.S.
bombs were demonstrably more deadly.
- Slide 34
- The ultimate in weapons fetishism came in discussion of the
ultimate weaponthe nuclear bomb. During the Gulf Crisis,
journalists gave serious, sometimes sympathetic consideration to
the use of atomic weapons against Iraq. "Should a Nuclear Bomb Be
Used Against Iraq?" was one of the "ethical dilemmas" Time magazine
examined in its Feb. 4 issue. In a lengthy segment that considered
whether to use nuclear bombs against Iraq "to save U.S. lives,"
CBS's Robert Krulwich marveled over the advances made in tactical,
low- yield nuclear weapons: "You can drop one over the Empire State
Building and control the blast within five blocks and there'd be
almost no significant damage in the rest of Manhattan. Even fallout
is less of a problem."
- Slide 35
- How could Bush be doubted???? "The mission of our troops is
wholly defensive. Hopefully, they will not be needed long." George
Bush, 8/8/90 "Our jobs are our way of life. Our own freedom and the
freedom of friendly countries around the world would all suffer if
all the world's great oil reserves fell into the hands of that one
man, Saddam Hussein." George Bush, 8/15/90 "Some people never get
the word. The fight isn't about oil, the fight is about naked
aggression." George Bush, 10/16/90 "We in the media have been slow
to catch on on this issue of the Gulf crisis: For months, the
president has meant what he said and done what he said he would."
Brit Hume, Nightline, 2/22/91
- Slide 36
- Coverage of U.S. casualties: Media coverage of U.S. military
casualties has been met by Bush administration efforts to downplay
reports about soldiers deaths throughout the invasion. The
administration also scheduled the return of wounded soldiers to
Dover Air Force Base for after midnight so that the press would not
see them. The U.S. toll reached 3,000 in December,2006. Ban Lifted:
Soon after taking the office in January 2009, President Barack
Obama asked Defence Secretary Robert Gates to review the ban on
media coverage of coffins.
- Slide 37
- Attack on Al Jazeera: On April 8, 2003, U.S. aircraft bombed
the Baghdad bureau of Quatar satellite TV station Al Jazeera. The
U.S. gocernment had criticized Al Jazeera as endangering the lives
of American troops. In a speech given in New York city, British
Home secretary David Blunkett commented on what he believed to be
sympathetic and corrupt reporting of Iraq by Arab News sources. In
a conversation between Prime Minister Blair and President Bush,
Bush, according to British media, proposed bombing the Quatar
central office of Al Jazeera.
- Slide 38
- Attack on Palestine Hotel: Due to what the U.S. states was a
communication error, the tank mistakenly fired at the Palestine
Hotel on the same day as the destruction of Al Jazeera. After
interviewing a dozen reporters who were at the scene, the Committee
to protect Journalists said, the facts suggested that attack on
journalists, while not deliberate, was avoidable.
- Slide 39
- Journalist Casualties: There have been a number of journalist
casualties during the invasion, including fourteen deaths. A few
noted ones: Michael Kelly NBCs David Bloom ITN reporter Terry
Lloyd.
- Slide 40
- How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf "If I wanted to lie, or
if we wanted to lie, if we wanted to exaggerate, I wouldn't use my
daughter to do so. I could easily buy other people to do it."
--Saud Nasir al-Sabah, Kuwait's Ambassador to the United States and
Canada
- Slide 41
- The Mother of All Clients Waging a war to push Iraq's invading
army from Kuwait would cost billions of dollars and require an
unprecedented, massive US military mobilization. Selling war in the
Middle East to the American people would not be easy. Prior war, a
retired army PR official, Hal Steward warned that, "If and when a
shooting war starts, reporters will begin to wonder why American
soldiers are dying for oil-rich sheiks," Steward needn't have
worried. A PR plan was already in place, paid for almost entirely
by the "oil-rich sheiks" themselves.
- Slide 42
- Packaging the Emir US Congressman Jimmy Hayes of Louisiana - a
conservative Democrat who supported the Gulf War - later estimated
that the government of Kuwait funded as many as 20 PR, law and
lobby firms in its campaign to mobilize US opinion and force
against Hussein. Participating firms included the Rendon Group,
Neil & co., Sam Zakhem, front groups: Coalition for American at
the risk and freedom task force. Mastermind for the Kuwaiti
Campaign- Hill &Knowlton, Worlds largest PR firm. By law, the
Foreign Agents Registration Act should have exposed this propaganda
campaign to the American people, but the Justice Department chose
not to enforce it.
- Slide 43
- Citizens for a Free Kuwait PR front group. Hill & knowlton
produced dozen of video news release at a cost of well over half a
million dollars worth of free air time. TV stations and networks
simply fed the carefully- crafted propaganda to unwitting viewers,
who assumed they were watching "real" journalism. Unreliable
Sources-Martin Lee and Norman Solomon. Throughout the campaign, the
Wirthlin Group conducted daily opinion polls to help Hill &
Knowlton take the emotional pulse of key constituencies so it could
identify the themes and slogans that would be most effective in
promoting support for US military action.
- Slide 44
- Suffer the Little Children Every big media event needs what
journalists and flacks alike refer to as "the hook." In the case of
the Gulf War, the "hook" was invented by Hill & Knowlton. The
Congressional Human Rights Caucus served as another Hill &
Knowlton front group, which - like all front groups - used a
noble-sounding name to disguise its true purpose.
- Slide 45
- Only a few astute observers noticed the hypocrisy in Hill &
Knowlton's use of the term "human rights." John MacArthur, author
of The Second Front, MacArthur also noticed another telling detail
about the October 1990 hearings: "The Human Rights Caucus is not a
committee of congress, and therefore it is unencumbered by the
legal accouterments that would make a witness hesitate before he or
she lied.... Lying under oath in front of a congressional committee
is a crime; lying from under the cover of anonymity to a caucus is
merely public relations."
- Slide 46
- In fact, the most emotionally moving testimony on October 10
came from a 15-year-old Kuwaiti girl, known only by her first name
of Nayirah. Her written testimony was passed out in a media kit
prepared by Citizens for a Free Kuwait. "I volunteered at the
al-Addan hospital," Nayirah said. "While I was there, I saw the
Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the
room where... babies were in incubators. They took the babies out
of the incubators, took the incubators, and left the babies on the
cold floor to die.
- Slide 47
- The story of babies torn from their incubators was repeated
over and over again. None had more impact on American public
opinion than the one about Iraqi soldiers removing 312 babies from
their incubators and leaving them to die on the cold hospital
floors of Kuwait City.
- Slide 48
- At the Human Rights Caucus, however, Hill & Knowlton and
Congressman Lantos had failed to reveal that Nayirah was a member
of the Kuwaiti Royal Family. If Nayirah's outrageous lie had been
exposed at the time it was told, it might have at least caused some
in Congress and the news media to soberly reevaluate the extent to
which they were being skillfully manipulated to support military
action. Public opinion was deeply divided on Bush's Gulf
policy.
- Slide 49
- Given the narrowness of the vote, the babies-thrown-
from-incubators story may have turned the tide in Bush's favor.
Following the war, human rights investigators attempted to confirm
Nayirah's story and could find no witnesses or other evidence to
support it. When journalists for the Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation asked Nasir al-Sabah for permission to question Nayirah
about her story, the ambassador angrily refused.
- Slide 50
- Front-line Flacks The military build-up in the Persian Gulf
began by flying and shipping hundreds of thousands of US troops,
armaments and supplies to staging areas in Saudi Arabia, yet
another nation with no tolerance for a free press, democratic
rights and most western customs. Deputy Secretary of Defense for
Public Affairs Pete Williams served as the Pentagon's top flack for
the Gulf War. This strategy kept news organizations competing with
each other for favors from Williams, and kept them from questioning
the fundamental fact that journalistic independence was impossible
under military escort and censorship.
- Slide 51
- Although influential media such as the New York Times and Wall
Street Journal kept promoting the illusion of the 'clean war,' a
different picture began to emerge after the US stopped
carpet-bombing Iraq. The pattern underscored what Napoleon meant
when he said that it wasn't necessary to completely suppress the
news; it was sufficient to delay the news until it no longer
mattered.
- Slide 52
- Worst Censorship was at U.S The morning after the U.S. began
the bombing of Iraq, NBC's Robert Bazell reported, "We've lost only
one casualty. Charles Osgood (1/17/91) described the early bombing
of Iraq as "a marvel," while the same network's Jim Stewart
(1/17/91) spoke of "two days of almost picture-perfect assaults.
The war ended on the same note of enthusiastic cheerleading from
the media, "Congratulations on a job wonderfully done!"
- Slide 53
- But many TV journalists did not need to be coerced into
abandoning the appearance of independence, instead accepting the
task of guiding public opinion in favor of the war as their natural
role. In discussing the prospect of increased casualties, Jim
Lehrer (1/23/91) presented the government and the media as an
information team: "Have officials and the press prepared the
American people for what may happen next?" NBC's Tom Brokaw
(1/22/91) was skeptical of the idea that reporters have a right
(let alone a duty) to cover the return of dead U.S. service people:
"Do you think that's in the best interest of the U.S?" he
asked.
- Slide 54
- Reporters treated officials, particularly military officials,
with kid gloves. As Christopher Hitchens of The Nation put it,
describing the limited range of debate on U.S. network television
(C-SPAN, 2/4/91), "If you can't, in discussing something like this
war, use the word 'we' for everything that's done, as if we are one
and we're all agreed... you really aren't in the discussion at all.
"We" weren't fighting "them," but "him.
- Slide 55
- Pentagon "Experts" The Pentagon usually either provided the
networks' information about the war, or managed the news from the
front through censorship and press restrictions (Spin Control
Through Censorship: The Pentagon Manages the News) Network TV
featured a one-sided procession of retired military brass,
ex-government hawks, right-wing pundits and politicians, scholars
from think tanks with generally conservative bents, andfor supposed
balanceDemocratic politicians rallying 'round the president. ABC's
Anthony Cordesman, a former Pentagon and National Security Council
official and, until the day the war began, an aide to Senator John
McCain (R-AZ), was the analyst who showed up most often in a FAIR
survey of network news sourceseleven times in fourteen days. His
message could be summed up in one sentence: "I think the Pentagon
is giving it to you absolutely straight" (Newsday, 1/23/91).
- Slide 56
- Civilian Deaths as "Propaganda" With policy critics basically
excluded from the discussion, few had any interest in bringing up
one of the most important issues of the war: civilian casualties.
The unstated but obvious truth was that by carrying out an air war
that was unprecedented in its ferocity, U.S. strategy sought to
reduce U.S. military losses at the expense of thousands of Iraqi
civilian casualties. Again and again, the mantra of "surgical
strikes against military targets" was repeated by journalists, even
though Pentagon briefers acknowledged that they were aiming at
civilian roads, bridges and public utilities vital to the survival
of the civilian population.
- Slide 57
- Journalists and pundits were rightfully outraged when Baghdad
advertised its violations of the Geneva protocols by parading
prisoners of war on TV. While civilian targets deliberately hit by
U.S. bombs were transformed by the media into military targets, the
civilians accidentally killed by U.S. bombs became Saddam Hussein's
fault. Reporting on Iraqi civilians killed by U.S. bombs, Mark
Phillips of CBS (2/14/91) intoned, "Saddam Hussein promised a
bloody war, and here was the blood."
- Slide 58
- Other reporters in Baghdad, such as ABC's Bill Blakemore, also
did creditable jobs of reporting the facts as they saw them,
sometimes under considerable pressure from their anchors to conform
to the official Washington version. The U.S. media's most
effectiveand offensivetool for dismissing civilian casualties was
to treat the whole issue as a propaganda ploy on the part of Saddam
Hussein. The voracious American media will use human-interest
stories to prey on the sensibilities of the American people, who
are extremely sensitive to casualties.
- Slide 59
- Alternative media outlets provided views in opposition to the
Gulf War. Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent
producers in the U.S. and abroad, and produced a ten hour series
that was distributed internationally, called The Gulf Crisis TV
Project. War, Oil and Power News World Order Paper Tiger Television
West produced a weekly cable television show with highlights of
mass demonstrations, artists' actions, lectures, and protests
against mainstream media coverage at newspaper offices and
television stations.
- Slide 60
- Campaigns The US divided the conflict into three major
campaigns: Defense of Saudi Arabia for the period 2 August 1990,
through 16 January 1991. Liberation and Defense of Kuwait for the
period 17 January 1991, through 11 April 1991. Southwest Asia
Cease-Fire for the period 12 April 1991, through 30 November 1995,
including Operation Provide Comfort.
- Slide 61
- Films about the Persian Gulf War Dawn of the World Bravo Two
Zero Courage Under Fire The Finest Hour Jarhead Lessons of Darkness
Live From Baghdad Heroes of Desert Storm Towelhead Three Kings The
Manchurian Candidate (2004 film) Used as a back drop for the film,
The Big Lebowski. It is frequently discussed as well. Used in
retconned backstory for The Punisher (2004 film)
- Slide 62
- Novels about the Gulf War Braving the Fear - The True Story of
Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War (by Douglas Foster) Glass (Pray
the Electrons Back to Sand) The Fist of God (by Frederick Forsyth)
To Die In Babylon by Nick Livingston Hogs dime novel series by
James Ferro Burning Desert by Zahida Zaidi Bravo Two Zero - The
true story of an SAS Patrol behind enemy lines in Iraq (by Andy
McNab)
- Slide 63
- Video games related to the Gulf War Operation Desert Storm
(1991) Super Battletank (1992) Gulf War: Operation Desert Hammer
(1999) Conflict: Desert Storm (2002) Conflict: Desert Storm 2
(2003) Patriot (1993) Desert Combat Battlefield 1942 mod (2002?)
Silent Thunder (computer game) (1998?) Desert Strike: Return to the
Gulf (1992) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2010), used
during Sam Fisher's flashback as a Navy SEAL.
- Slide 64
- Casualties and losses 240-392 -killed 776 wounded -(Coalition)
1,200 killed-(Kuwait) 1,490-1,592 -killed total 20,000-35,000
casualties. Kuwaiti civilian deaths:Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians
estimated killed during the Iraqi occupation in addition to 300,000
made refugees. Iraqi civilian deaths:About 3,664 Iraqi civilians
killed. Other civilian deaths:2 Israeli civilians killed, 230
injured 1 Saudi civilian killed, 65 injured.
- Slide 65
- Conclusion On 10 March 1991, 540,000 American troops began to
move out of the Persian Gulf.
- Slide 66
- The Iranian revolution and seven years of bloody and
inconclusive warfare have changed Iraq's view of its Arab
neighbors, the United States, and even Israel. Its leaders no
longer consider the Palestinian issue their problem. Iraq is now
the de facto protector of the regional status quo....