Gulf of MexicoOrigin, Waters, and Biota

Volume 1,

Edited by

and

Darryl L. Felder David K. Camp

DWH-AR0063208

Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota

Volume 1, Biodiversity

Harte Research Institute fo r Gulf o f Mexico Studies Series Sponsored by the Harte Research Institute for Gulf o f Mexico Studies,Texas A& M University-Corpus Christi John W. Tunnell Jr., General EditorFunding from the Center for Coastal Studies and Harte Research Institute for Gulf o f Mexico Studies at Texas A& M University-Corpus Christi helped make this book possible.

DWH-AR0063209

Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and BiotaVolume 1, Biodiversity

Edited by

Darryl L. Felder and

David K. Camp

Texas A&M University Press College Station

DWH-AR0063210

Cover: 'Ihe orange-cup coral, Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829. The beautifully delicate live polyps featured here represent a nonindigenous species of current concern, exemplifying the urgent need for the biodiversity baseline provided in this votame. Native to the Indo-Padfic region, this species has been introduced into the lA/estern Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico by the activities of man (Global Invasive Species Database, www.issg.org/database). Photograph by Harley Moody.

Copyright © 2009 by Texas A&M University Press Manufactured in the United States of America All rights reserved First edition

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Binding materials have been chosen for durability.

@

Library of Confess Cataloging-in-Publkation Data

Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota / [edited by John W, Tunnell Jr., Darryl L.Felder, and Sylvia A. Earle] — 1 st ed.

y_ cm — (Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies Series)

Includes indexes.Taken from the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies website:

Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota, is an updated and enlarged version of the Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine life, first published by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Fishery buEetin, v. 89,1954. Contents: V. 1. Biodiversity / edite by Darryl L. Felder and David K. Camp ISBN-13:978-1-60344-094-3 (d o th : alk. paper) ISBN-10:1-60344-094-1 (d o th ; alk paper)

1. Mexico, Gulf of. 2 . M a r i n e biology—Mexico, Gulf of. 3. Geology—Mexico, Gulf of. 4 . Oceanography—Mexico, Gulf of. I. Tunnell, John Wesley II. Felder, Darryl L. III. Earle, Sylvia A., 1935- IV. Camp, David K. V. Series.

QH92.3.G834 2009 578.77364-6C22

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Contents

List of Plates xi

Foreword; 50-Year Update o f Bulletin 89 xvJohn W. Tunnell Jr., Darryl L Felder, and Sylvia A. Earle

1 An Introduction to Gulf o f Mexico Biodiversity Assessment 1

D. L. Felder, D. K, Camp, and J. W. Tunnell Jr.

2 Prokaryotic Microbes (Archaea and Bacteria, Excluding Cyanobacteria) o f theGulf o f Mexico 15A. y Chistoserdov

3 Benthic Cyanoprokaryota (Cyanobacteria) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 47H. Leon-Tejera, M. Gold-Morgan, and G. M ontejam

4 Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 57D. W. Coats and J. C. Clamp

5 Free-Living, Saprobic, Filamentous Fungi o f the Gulf o f Mexico 81M. C. Gonzalez

6 Foraminifera of the Gulf o f Mexico 87B. K. Sen Gupta, L. E. Smith, and M. L. Machain-Castillo

7 Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) o f the Gulf o f Mexico I3lK. A. Steidinger, M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernandez-Becerril

8 Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 155D. M. Krayesky, E. Meave del Castillo, E. Zamudio, J. N. Norris, and S. Fredericq

9 Seaweeds o f the Gulf o f Mexico 187S. Fredericq, T. O. Cho, S. A, Earle, C. E Gurgel, D. M. Krayesky, L. E. Mateo-Cid, A. C. Mendoza-Gonzdlez,/. N. Norris, and A. M. Suarez

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vi ~ Contents

1 0 Plants (Embryophyta) o f the Gulf o f MexicoD. H. Les, R. R. Haynes, and A. Novelo-Retana

261

11 Sponges (Porifera) o f the Gulf o f MexicoK. Rutzler, R. W. M. van Soest, and C. Piantoni

285

12 Cnidaria: IntroductionS. D. Cairns and D. G. Fautin

315

13 Octocorallia (Cnidaria) o f the Gulf o f MexicoS. D. Cairns and E M. Bayer

321

14 Scleractinia (Cnidaria) o f the Gulf o f MexicoS. D. Cairns, W. C. }aap, and J. C. Lang

333

15 Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia, and Zoanthidea (Cnidaria) o f the Gulf o f MexicoD. G. Fautin and M. Daly

349

16 Antipatharia (Cnidaria) o f the Gulf o f MexicoD. M. Opresko

359

17 Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) o f the Gulf o f MexicoT N. Molodtsova

365

18 Medusozoans (Cnidaria; Cubozoa, Scyphozoa, and Hydrozoa) of the Gulf o f Mexico L. Segura-Puertas, L. Cells, and L. Chiaverano

369

19 Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) o f the Gulf o f Mexico D. R. Calder and S. D. Cairns

381

20 Siphonophorae (Cnidaria) o f the Gulf of MexicoP R. Pugh and R. Gasca

395

21 Ctenophora o f the Gulf o f MexicoA. G. Moss

403

22 Turbeilarians (Acoelomorpha and Free-Living Platyhelminthes) o f the Gulf o f MexicoM. D. Hooge and L. J. Newman

413

23 Trematoda (Platyhelminthes) o f the Gulf of Mexico R. M. Overstreet, J. 0 . Cook, and R. W Heard

419

24 Cestoda (Platyhelminthes) o f the Gulf o f MexicoK. Jensen

487

25 Dicyemida of the Gulf o f Mexico, with Comments on the OrthonectidaR. M. Overstreet and F. G. Hochherg

523

26 Gnathostomulida o f the Gulf o f MexicoM. V. Sorensen and W. Sterrer

529

27 Rotifera o f the Gulf of MexicoM. V. Sorensen

533

28 Acanthocephala o f the Gulf o f MexicoG. Salgado-Maldonado and 0. M. Amin

539

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Contents ~ ¥ii

29 N em ertea o f the Gulf o f Mexico 553J. L. Norenburg

30 Mollusca: Introduction 559F. Moretzsohn, J. W. Tunnell Jr., W. G. Lyons, E. B. Baqueiro Cardenas,N. Barrera, J. Espinosa, E. F. Garcia, J. Ortea, and M. Reguero

31 Aplacophora (Mollusca) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 565D. L. Ivanov and A. H. Scheltema

32 Polyplacophora (Mollusca) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 569W. G. Lyons and F. Moretzsohn

33 Gastropoda (Mollusca) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 579G. Rosenberg, F. Moretzsohn, andE. F. Garcia

34 Cephalopoda (Mollusca) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 701H. L. Judkins, M. Vecchione, and C. F. E. Roper

35 Bivalvia (Mollusca) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 711D. D. Turgeon, W G. Lyons, R Mikkelsen, G, Rosenberg, and F, Moretzsohn

36 Scaphopoda (Mollusca) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 745/. N. Kraeuter

37 Polychaeta (Annelida) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 751K. Fauchald, A. Granados-Barba, and V. Solis-Weiss

38 M arine Leeches (Hirudinida) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 789E. M. Burreson

39 Vestimentifera and Pogonophora (Annelida) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 793JC. Fauchald

4 0 Echiura o f the Gulf of Mexico 797J. F Pilger

41 Sipuncula o f the G ulf o f Mexico 803M. E. Rice

42 Tardigrada o f the Gulf o f Mexico 809F. A. Romano III

43 Pycnogonida and Xiphosura (Cheliceriformes) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 815C. A. Child

44 Cephalocarida and Mystacocarida (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 82!/. W. Martin

45 Q rripedia (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 827S. R. Gittings

4 6 Branchiura (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 837W J. Poly

4 7 Free-Living Copepoda (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 841E. Suarez-Morales, J. W. Fleeger, and P. A. Montagna

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viii ~ Contents

87148 Myodocopan Ostracoda (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico

E. Harrison-Nekon andL. S. Kornicker

4 9 podocopan Ostracoda (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f MexicoR. F Maddocks, M. L. Machain-Castillo, and E R. Gio-Argaez

50 Leptostraca (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f MexicoI W. Martin and T A. Haney

51 Stomatopoda (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico ^M. L. Reaka, D. K. Camp. F. Alvarez, A. G. Gracia, M. Ortiz, and A. R. Vazquez-Bader

52 Lophogastrida (Crustacea) of the Gulf of MexicoW. W. Price, R. W Heard, P. Aas, and K. Meland

5 3 Mysida (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico w. W. Price and R. W. Heard

5 4 Amphipoda (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f MexicoS. E. LeCroy. R. Gasca. I. Winfield. M. Ortiz, and E. Escobar-Briones

5 5 Isopoda (Crustacea) of the Gulf of MexicoM. Schotte,}. C. Markham, and G. D. R Wilson

56 Tanaidacea (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico R, W. Heard and G. Anderson

5 7 Cumacea (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico R. W. Heard and D. Roccatagliata

58 Euphausiacea (Crustacea) o f the Gulf of Mexico I A. Castellanos and E. Sudrez-Morales

5 9 Decapoda (Crustacea) o f the Gulf o f Mexico, with C om m ents on the AmphionidaceaD L Felder, F Alvarez, J. W. Goy, and R. Lemaitre

110560 Gastrotricha o f the Gulf o f Mexico

R. Hochherg

6 1 Free-Living Marine Nematoda of the Gulf of Mexico W. D. Hope

112562 Priapulida o f the Gulf o f Mexico

T. C. Shirley

63 Loricifera of the Gulf o f MexicoT C. Shirley

112964 Kinorhyncha o f the Gulf o f Mexico

T. C. Shirley1133

65 Phoronida of the Gulf o f MexicoS. Santaeata

113766 Brachiopoda o f the Gulf o f Mexico

S. SantagataandJ. W. Tunnelljr.

877

895

901

923

929

941

973

987

1001

1013

1019

1127

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Contents ~ ix

67 Entoprocta of the Gulf o f Mexico 1143C. Nielsen

6 8 Bryozoans (Ectoprocta) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1147/. E. Winston and F. J. Maturo Jr.

69 Planktonic Chaetognatha o f the Guif o f Mexico 1165R. M. Herndndez-Flores, J. A. McLelland, and E. Sudrez-Morales

70 Hemichordata o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1173C. B. Cameron

71 Echinodermata o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1177D. L Pawson, D. J. Vance, C. G. Messing, F. A. Solis-Marin, and C. L. Mah

72 Cephalochordata o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1205C. B. Cameron

73 Tunicata (Urochordata) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1209L Cole and G. Lambert

74 Appendicularia (Urochordata) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1217I. A. Castellanos and E. Sudrez-Morales

75 Fishes (Vertebrata: Pisces) of the Gulf o f Mexico 1223/. D. McEachran

76 Reptiles (Vertebrata: Reptilia) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1317G. R. Zug

77 Birds (Vertebrata: Aves) o f the Gulf o f Mexico • 1321J. C. Gallardo, V. Macias, andE. Velarde

78 Mammals (Vertebrata: Mammalia) o f the Gulf o f Mexico 1343D. J. Schmidly and B. Wiirsig

79 Population G enetics and B iogeography o f th e G ulf o f M exico 1353J. E. Neigel

Illustration Credits 1371

Contributors 1375

Index 1385

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