Post on 08-Feb-2018
Ground & Surface Water Treatment
Improve the Production of Drinking Water withNatural and High Efficient Calcium Carbonate Products
Ground and Surface Water – Main Source of Drinking Water
Out of all the water on earth, salt water in oceans, seas
and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only
2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in
glaciers, ice and snow, 0.7–0.8% as fresh groundwater
and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface
water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Fresh and unpolluted
water accounts for 0.003% of total water available
globally.
Fresh water is naturally occurring water on the earth‘s
surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs,
ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as
groundwater in aquifers and underground streams.
Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500
parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.
Surface and ground water are two separate entities,
so they must be regarded as such. However, there
is an ever-increasing need for management of the
two as they are part of an interrelated system that is
paramount when the demand for water exceeds the
available supply.
Surface water is water on the surface of
the planet such as in a stream, river, lake,
wetland, or ocean. It can be contrasted
with groundwater and atmospheric water.
Non-saline surface water is replenished
by precipitation and by recruitment from
ground-water. It is lost through evaporation,
seepage into the ground where it becomes
ground-water.
As water runs off along the surface, it stirs
up and suspends particles of sand and soil,
creating silt in the surface water. In addition,
the streaming action erodes rocky surfaces,
producing more sand. As the surface water cascades over rocks, it is aerated. The combination of oxygen, inorganic
nutrients leached from the terrain, and sunlight supports a wide variety of life forms in the water, including algae,
fungi, bacteria, small crustaceans, and fish.
Surface Water
Water salinity based on dissolved salts
Fresh water Brackish water Saline water Brine
< 0.05% 0.05–3% 3–5% > 5%
Surface water and Groundwater characteristics
Characteristic Surface Water Ground Water
Turbidity high low
Dissolved minerals low-moderate high
Biological content high low
Temporal variability very high low
Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, up to 3000 ppm.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth‘s
surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of
rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated
deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable
quantity of water. Groundwater is recharged from,
and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural
discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can
form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often
withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial
use by constructing and operating extraction wells.
As groundwater encounters different minerals,
it dissolves them according to their solubility
characteristics. A good example is the reaction of
groundwater with limestone. Limestone is a mixture of
calcium and magnesium carbonate which is only slightly
soluble in neutral water. The acidic groundwater reacts
with basic limestone in a neutralization reaction that
forms a mixture of calcium and magnesium bicarbonate,
both which are quite soluble in water. Unfortunately,
the water can be very hard, due to the neutralization/
dissolution reactions described above.
Omya has over 40 years’ experience in the water
treatment market, mainly for pH control and soft
water hardening. Calcium carbonate granules
such as Filtracarb and Juraperle are used in the
remineralization filter bed process. These products
comply with international standards e.g. European
Standard EN 1018 for such uses. New developments
in products and application solutions expand Omya’s
existing know-how in water treatment using Calcium
Carbonate.
Omyaqua is a micronized Calcium Carbonate for pH
adjustment of acidic ground and surface water. Good
pH control is essential to stabilize the water and for
effective control of deposition and corrosion in many
water systems. Therefore, it is important to have a good
understanding of the meaning of pH and the factors
that affect it. Carbon dioxide, CO2, is usually present in
ground & surface water. CO2 reacts with the water to
form carbonic acid, H2CO3(1). When Omyaqua is added
to CO2-acidified water, it reacts and dissolves with the
carbonic acid to produce calcium hydrogen carbonate,
Ca(HCO3)2 (2). This chemical ability drives the treated
water towards the equilibrium pH and avoids major
shifts of pH in case of dosing troubles (buffering effect).
• (1) CO2 + H2O <---> H2CO3
• (2) H2CO3 + CaCO3 <---> Ca(HCO3)2
The three species carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and
carbonate can be converted from one to another by
means of changing the pH of the water. Variations in pH
are reduced through the „buffering“ effect provided by
the addition of Omyaqua with the consequence that
the pH of the system does not change as quickly as it
does in unbalanced water.
Consequently Omyaqua provides the required alkalinity
by its ability to neutralize the acidic (soft) ground
or surface water through the buffering mechanism
mentioned above.
Water Treatment Products & Solutions by Omya
Omyaqua for the buffered pH Control of Ground and Surface
Raw Water
Sludges
FlashMixer
Flocculator LamellaSeparator
ClearWell
Sand Filters
OmyaquapH djustment
Omyalime precipitation
Omyafloc flocculation
Treated Water
Ch
lori
nat
ion
M M
M
Omyalime precipitation
Omyafloc flocculation
©2014 Omya International AG | P.O. Box 335 | CH-4665 Oftringen | www.omya.com
Omya has taken every possible care to ensure that the information herein is correct in all aspects. However, Omya cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions which may be found herein, nor will it accept responsibility for any use which may be of the information, the same having been given in good faith, but without legal responsibility. This information does not give rise to any warranties of any kind, expressed or implied, including fitness for purpose and non-infringement of intellectual property. The technical information presented comprises typical data and should not be taken as representing a specification. Omya reserves the right to change any of the data without notice.
Because of its chemical purity and quick dissolution
kinetics, our fine dispersed Omyalime is an optimal
product used for water and also waste water treatment
applications.
Drinking Water treatment normally requires different
physical and chemical treatment methods of the raw
water as this contains germs, bacteria, metal compounds
and is it too soft or too hard. In the drinking water
treatment process, the addition of lime may play an
important role. Omyalime can consequently be used
in 3 different drinking water treatment applications to
provide a stable and high quality of drinking water.
• Softening (decarbonization) – Precipitation of the
hardness components Calcium and Magnesium
• Hardness increase (remineralization) – Formation of
carbonate hardness using carbon dioxide and lime
• Neutralization – Adjustment of the pH-Value and
binding of free carbonic acid
•
In Europe most of the drinking water is made out of
ground- and surface water. In many regions such
groundwater is contaminated with higher levels of iron
and manganese. The public water supply made out of
ground water can therefore only be secured by using
the appropriate and functioning treatment processes
and whereas Omyalime is an excellent, natural and
sustainable product to precipitate and remove unwanted
water constituents such as iron and manganese.
Omyafloc™ is an inorganic flocculent which has
been developed due to the increasing demand in
environmental friendly „greener“ chemistry in water
and waste water treatment as well as to reduce the
negative environmental, health and safety implications
stemming from the extensive use of chemicals in this
industry. Omyafloc coagulants/flocculants have been
developed to provide a more sustainable and eco-
sensitive alternative to traditional polymer chemistry.
Omyafloc are highly efficient and cost-effective
inorganic coagulants/flocculants which are designed
for a wide variety of mainly mineral based liquid/
solid separation processes in water and waste water
treatment. Omyafloc facilitates the agglomeration
of destabilized particles into large size flocs which
can be effectively removed by sedimentation, or
mechanically assisted separation processes. Omyafloc
often provides superior efficiency in liquids/solids
separation processes without the use of conventional
coagulants, but where Omyafloc alone does not deliver
the specific performance required it may be co-fed with
a conventional coagulant.
Omyafloc can be used in the purification of surface
and ground water providing the following benefits:
• Improves environmental compliance
• Improves operational efficiency
• Improved equipment capacity
• Improved TSS (Turbidity) removal
• Minimizes sludge volume
• Enhanced TOC removal
• Improved color removal
• Non hazardous
Omyalime - The optimal Solution for Water and Wastewater Treatment
Omyafloc a New High Performance Environmental Friendly „Green“ Flocculent