Post on 03-Jan-2016
List two ways in which carbohydrates are used in your body.
Provides the body with energy
Stored for later useGlycogen (muscle cells, liver)Fat
Carbohydrates used in plants/fungi:Cell walls
○ Cellulose in plants○ Chitin in fungi
Carbohydrates used in animals:Chitin - exoskeleton
Carbohydrate Type
Meaning of Term
Examples(List 3)
Monosaccharide “1” Sugar GlucoseFructoseGalactose
Disaccharide “2” Sugars SucroseLactoseMaltose
Polysaccharide “Many” Sugars
StarchGlycogenCellulose
Monosaccharide's
3 Elements present in simple sugars? How many carbons are in simple
sugars? Glucose Fructose Galactose
C6H12O6
Carbohydrates Compare the number of hydrogen
atoms to the number of oxygen atoms in each sugar. What is the ratio?
What compound does the ratio look like?
2:1
H2O
Dissacharides
When 2 monosaccharides _______, a dissacharide forms
Examples of Dissacharides:○ glucose and glucose form:○ glucose and fructose form: ○ glucose and galactose form:
combine
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Polysaccharides When 3 or more __________________
molecules are joined a polysaccharide is formed.
monosaccharides
Benedict’s TestWhat is the Indicator in this test?
What color is Benedicts?
Were we testing for monosaccharides or polysaccharides?monosaccharide
In the picture below, is this a positive test for a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide?Monosaccharide
Which test tube is probably a
monosaccharide? (left or right)
Left – more brick red
Iodine TestWhat is the indicator?What color is iodine?
Were we testing for monosaccharides or polysaccharides?Polysaccharides
In the picture below, is this a positive or negative test for polysaccharides?Positive
Carbohydrate TestWhy are monosaccharides important to us?
Was the data we collected qualitative or quantitative?qualitative
What was the independent variable?Amount of Carbohydrates
What was the dependent variable?Color Change
What was the control?Water
What were some constants?
List 3 foods that contain protein
Animal Protein Vegetable Protein
List 3 ways in which proteins are used in the body
Involved in virtually all cell functions
• Structure (keratin, collagen, elastin)• Movement (muscle contractions)• Body defense (antibodies)• Transport (hemoglobin)• Hormones (insulin)• Enzymes (catalysts that speed up reactions)
Proteins• Amino acids are the building blocks
(monomers) of proteins• 1) What are the common elements found
in proteins?– C, H, O, N– Recall: What are the common elements
found in carbohydrates?• CHO
H2N - C - COOH
R
HBasic structure of
an amino acid:
ProteinsAn amino acid has a central carbon which
always has the following 3 groups attached:
H2N - C - COOH
R
H
Amino group Acid group
R (side) group
Proteins• Proteins usually consist of a long chain of
amino acids. The chain is __________ into a unique __________, which enables the protein to ___________ correctly.
• Sometimes proteins lose their shape due to various reasons. What is the process called when proteins lose their shape?
FOLDEDSHAPEFUNCTION
DENATURE
Proteins
• What can happen to a protein that would lose its shape?
• It would lose its function such as:– Structure - collagen– Movement – muscles– Transport – hemoglobin– Defense – antibodies
Proteins
• _____________ are an example of proteins. Enzymes lower the
_____________ ___________, the energy needed to get a reaction started.
Thereby, helps speed up the reaction.
ENZYMES
ACTIVATION ENERGY
One year later
The fire acts as a catalyst to begin the breakdown of the bonds that are holding the log fibers together.Similar to how anenzyme works.
• Enzymes are chemical reaction catalysts• 1.) Catalysts change the rate of a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction.
Enzymes
• List 3 ways in which enzymes help you:– 1. amylase helps break down starch
(carbohydrate)– 2. lipase helps break down fats in your body
(lipids)– 3. lactase helps break down lactose in dairy
products (carbohydrate)– 4. protease helps break down proteins in your
body
Enzymes– Look at the following graph and determine the
temperature at which this enzyme has the greatest rate of activity
Protein TestIndicator:
◦BiuretColor of indicator:
◦BlueColor of a positive
test:◦Purple/violet
Large protein
◦Pink Smaller protein (peptide)
Lipids
• What is the function of lipids:– A) Energy storage for the body (long term)– B) Insulation– C) Cell membrane structure
Lipids
• List 3 specific lipids found in the human body.
a. Triglycerides – majority of the lipids found in the body. Provides much of the texture and flavor in foods.
b. Phospholipids – main component of the cell membrane
c. Steroids (cholesterol) – used to form cell membranes and hormones (testosterone and estrogen)
Complete the Chart
Lipid Type Use by Organisms
fat
oil
waxes
Stored EnergyInsulation
Repels water – Bird feathersMaintain health
Ear waxCuticle of leaf
• What 3 elements are found in lipids?
C H O– Which statement best describes a lipid: polar or
nonpolar?
Nonpolar
Lipids
Fat Type DrawingFood
examples:
saturated
unsaturated
Peanut ButterMeatButter
Olive oilFishSoybeans
Mini-Lab
• Purpose: Which food source contains the most energy: marshmallow or peanuts?
• Hypothesis: __________________________________
• Data Table:Time Monomer Function Caloric Content
(energy)
Marshmallow
Peanut
• What are 2 examples of nucleic acids?– A. DNA– B. RNA
• What is the function of nucleic acids?– A. Stores genetic information
Nucleic Acids
• What are the monomers (building blocks)?– Nucleotides– Label the basic structure of a nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
• What would be the complimentary strand to the following DNA sequence?
T T A C G A TA A T G C T A
Nucleic Acids