Get you clickers ready!

Blood flowing from the heart goes through the vessels is the following order:

1 2 3 4 5

8%

0%

83%

0%

8%

1. Arterioles -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins -> venules

2. Arteries -> capillaries -> veins-> arterioles -> venules

3. Veins -> venules -> capillaries -> arteries -> arterioles

4. Venules -> arterioles -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins

5. Arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

Valves in veins and the heart keep the blood:

1 2 3 4 5

0% 0% 0%

100%

0%

1. In the vessels and the heart.

2. Moving toward the capillaries.

3. Moving toward the lungs.

4. Moving in a single direction

5. Moving toward the individual body cells.

The three types of plant tissues, in order from the outside of a root to the inside, are:

A. B. C. D. E.

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A. Vascular, ground, dermal

B. Vascular, dermal, ground

C. Ground, vascular, dermal

D. Ground, dermal, vascular

E. Dermal, ground, vascular

Blood

Blood• Functions:

– Transportation– Pathogen destruction– Immunity– Blood temperature regulation– Clot formation

Formed Elements• Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

– Carry oxygen using HEMOGLOBIN protein• Iron in hemoglobin binds loosely with oxygen

• ERYTHROPOIETIN hormone from kidneys regulates production of RBC’s– Drop in oxygen levels = increase in erythropoietin

levels = more RBC’s

The interaction of the four globulin proteins in the hemoglobin molecules is an example of a proteins ______ structure.

A. B. C. D. E.

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64%

36%

A. PrimaryB. SecondaryC. TertiaryD. QuaternaryE. Pentiary

All of the following affect the amount of oxygen carried by the blood EXCEPT:

A. B. C. D. E.

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A. the pH of the blood B. the temperature of the

bodyC. the percentage of oxygen

in the air D. a decrease in the number

of red blood cells in the plasma

E. a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the plasma

Formed Elements• White Blood Cells

– Infection fighters– 5 types:

• Neutrophil• Eosinophil• Basophil• Lymphocyte• Monocyte

Non - Specific

Specific

Formed Elements• Platelets

– Blood clotting– Platelets stick to

injured site forming a plug

– Cause a chain of enzymatic events which leads to formation of a clot made of insoluble FIBRIN threads

The Lymphatic & Immune Systems

Lymphatic system• Parallel circulatory system

– transports white blood cells• defending against infection

– collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood• maintains volume & protein

concentration of blood• Empties fluid back into vena

cava

Lymphatic system Production & transport of WBCs

Traps foreign invaders

lymph node

lymph vessels(intertwined amongst blood vessels)

Lymphatic Organs

• Bone marrow• Site of B-cell maturation

• Thymus gland• Site of T-cell maturation

• Lymph node– “cleansing stations”

• Spleen– Blood filtration

Non – Specific Defenses• Mechanical barriers

– Skin, mucus• Inflammation

– Causes movement of WBC’s to site of infection– Helps prevent infection from spreading

• Phagocytosis– Eat and destroy foreign cells– NATURAL KILLER CELLS – destroy virus and cancer

filled cells

How do cells communicate?What language do they speak?

What kinds of things would they say?

Non – Specific Defenses• COMPLEMENT

– Helps enhance inflammatory response

– Attack complex causes destruction of cell membranes

• INTERFERONS– Chemicals released by

virus-infected cells– Warn other cells in the

area of attack

Specific Defenses• B – cells (Plasma cells)

– Secrete antibodies which attack foreign antigens

– When activated, divides multiple times forming clones

– Provide specific immunity to a pathogen

– HUMORAL IMMUNITY• “In fluid”

Antibodies • Proteins that bind to a specific antigen

– produced by B cells– binding region matches molecular shape of antigens– each antibody is unique & specific

• millions of antibodies respond to millions of foreign antigens– tagging “handcuffs”

• “this is foreign…gotcha!”

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

YY

YY

antigenantigen-binding site on antibody

variable binding region

ss

ss

ss

ss

ss

ss

ss

ss

ss

ss

s

ss

ss

s

ss

ss

ss

ss

ss

Structure of antibodies

light chains

antigen-bindingsite

heavy chains

antigen-bindingsite

lightchain

lightchain

heavychains

B cellmembrane

variable region

antigen-binding siteY

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

What Antibodies Do

macrophageeating tagged invaders

invading pathogens tagged with antibodies

Y

Y

YY

YY

1° vs 2° response to disease• Memory B cells allow a rapid, amplified response with

future exposure to pathogen

Which of the following best describes your feelings about the field trip?

I don’t

want t

o go.

I w

ant t

o go!

75%

25%

1. I don’t want to go.2. I want to go!

Which of the following best describes what you’ll do if we decide to go?

I’m

not g

oing to

go r.

..

I’ll

be th

ere

if w

e dec

id...

85%

15%

1. I’m not going to go regardless of if the class decides they want to.

2. I’ll be there if we decide to go as a class.

What kind of donut do you want Adam to buy when the Hawks get spanked by the Redwings?

Som

ethin

g cre

am-fi

lled

Som

ethin

g gla

zed

No d

onut,

just

car

rot .

..

15%

31%

54%1. Something cream-filled2. Something glazed3. No donut, just carrot

Sticks

8%

0%

23%

15%

23%

15%15%

1. The antibodies evolve.2. tRNA can code for millions of different coding genes, the

possibilities for proteins is endless.3. The genes can be turned on and off and they can be put

in many combinations to form millions of antibody proteins

4. Hundreds of genes have BILLIONS of combinations. The same 100 genes can be ordered differently.

5. Very similar – all variations of code. Replicate fast.6. Random pieces of DNA reorganizes to code for a variable

sequence/protein that fits into the antigen. Variable portion matures later than the next.

7. Rearrangement of DNA sequences that are replicated.

How do vertebrates produce millions of antibody proteins, if they only have a few hundred genes coding for those proteins?

How do vertebrates produce millions of antibody proteins, if they only have a few hundred genes coding for those proteins?

Transcription of gene

mRNA

B cell

rearrangement of DNA

VTranslation of mRNA

antibody

Which of the following modifications does not take place when producing a unique

antibody?

Post-tra

nscrip...

Altern

ative sp

...

Post – tr

ansla...

DNA re

combinat..

.

8%

33%

58%

0%

1. Post-transcriptional modifications

2. Alternative splicing3. Post – translational

modifications4. DNA recombination

Vaccinations • Immune system exposed

to harmless version of pathogen – triggers active immunity– stimulates immune system to produce

antibodies to invader– rapid response if

future exposure• Most successful

against viral diseases

2007-2008

What if the attacker gets past the B cells in the blood & actually

infects some of your cells?You need trained assassins to kill

off these infected cells!

T cells• Cell-mediated response

– immune response to infected cells• viruses, bacteria & parasites (pathogens) within

cells– defense against “non-self” cells

• cancer & transplant cells

• Types of T cells– helper T cells

• alerts immune system– killer (cytotoxic) T cells

• attack infected body cells

How are cells tagged with antigens• Major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins

– antigen glycoproteins• MHC proteins constantly carry bits of cellular material

from the cytosol to the cell surface– “snapshot” of what is going on inside cell– give the surface of cells a unique label or “fingerprint”

MHC proteinsdisplaying self-antigens

T cell

How do T cells know a cell is infected• Infected cells digest pathogens & MHC

proteins bind & carry pieces to cell surface– antigen presenting cells (APC)– alerts Helper T cells

MHC proteins displaying foreign antigens

infectedcell

T cellantigen receptors

T cellWANTED

T cell response

stimulateB cells &antibodies

Y

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YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

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YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

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YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

YYY

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

killerT cell

activatekiller T cells

orinterleukin 1

interleukin 2

interleukin 2

infected cell

helperT cell

helperT cell

helperT cell

helperT cell

helperT cell

activatedmacrophage

Attack of the Killer T cells

Killer T cellbinds toinfected

cell

• Destroys infected body cells– binds to target cell– secretes perforin protein

• punctures cell membrane of infected cell

infected celldestroyed

cell membrane

Killer T cell

cell membrane

target cell

vesicle

perforin puncturescell membrane

Key attributes of immune system• 4 attributes that characterize the immune

system as a whole– specificity

• antigen-antibody specificity– diversity

• react to millions of antigens– memory

• rapid 2° response– ability to distinguish self vs. non-self

• maturation & training process to reduce auto-immune disease

Which of following would you rather do for the digestive system?

I’m

tire

d of n

otes!

Le.

..

Brin

g on th

e not

es.

I’...

50%50%

0of5

1. I’m tired of notes! Let’s work on a packet in class tomorrow and go over the questions we have as a class.

2. Bring on the notes. I’d rather do it that way (and I promise to stay awake!)