Gender Stratification

Inequalities by Gender

Ch. 9

First things first

SEX GENDER

First things first

SEX

Physical and biological

differences of the body

GENDER

First things first

SEX

Physical and biological

differences of the body Genitals Reproductive organs Breasts vs. chest Muscle mass/ body type Facial hair Sound of voice

GENDER

First things first

SEX

Physical and biological

differences of the body Genitals Reproductive organs Breasts vs. chest Muscle mass/ body type Facial hair Sound of voice

GENDER

Psychological, Social and

Cultural difference between

men and women

First things first

SEX

Physical and biological

differences of the body Genitals Reproductive organs Breasts vs. chest Muscle mass/ body type Facial hair Sound of voice

GENDER

Psychological, Social and

Cultural difference between

men and women The ways in which we are

expected to think and act Different roles & identities Society self Society gender

Nature vs Nurture

SEX GENDER

Nature vs Nurture

SEX

Biology Behavior

Differences between men &

women are biologically

determined

GENDER

Nature vs Nurture

SEX

Biology Behavior

Differences between men &

women are biologically

determined

GENDER

Society behavior

Differences between men &

women are socially created

Nature vs Nurture

SEX

Biology Behavior

Differences between men &

women are biologically

determined

GENDER

Society behavior

Differences between men &

women are socially created

Debate: How much learning is there about gender identity? To what degree is it one over the other?

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Men -physically stronger

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Men -physically stronger Identical twins

Hormones behavior

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Men -physically stronger Identical twins

Hormones behavior

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Men -physically stronger Identical twins

Hormones behavior

Nature–data on animals

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Men -physically stronger Identical twins

Hormones behavior

Nature–data on animals

Women spend time to care for children

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Men -physically stronger Identical twins

Hormones behavior

Nature–data on animals

Women spend time to care for children

Neglect vital role of social interaction Not readily available to

take part in warfare

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Men are biologically

more aggressive Male sex hormones

Testosterone Propensity to violence

Men -physically stronger Identical twins

Hormones behavior

Nature–data on animals

Women spend time to care for children

Neglect vital role of social interaction Not readily available to

take part in warfare Behavior hormones

Nature vs Nurture

men take part in warfare Nature–data on

animals Women spend time to

care for children Neglect vital role of

social interaction Not readily available to

take part in warfare Behavior hormones

Gender Socialization

Gender Socialization

Born with SEX develop GENDER

Biologically determined Culturally produced

Gender Socialization

Born with SEX develop GENDER

Biologically determined Culturally produced

Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different

roles Gender interaction with

others

Gender Socialization

Born with SEX develop GENDER

Biologically determined Culturally produced

Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different

roles Gender interaction with

others

Gender Socialization

Born with SEX develop GENDER

Biologically determined Culturally produced

Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different

roles Gender interaction with

others

Begins at Birth Assigned gender

physical characteristics Dressed in gender

differentiating clothing

Gender Socialization

Born with SEX develop GENDER

Biologically determined Culturally produced

Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different

roles Gender interaction with

others

Begins at Birth Assigned gender

physical characteristics Dressed in gender

differentiating clothing Once marked

everyone treats us accordingly

Social Construction of Gender

Social Construction of Gender Sex and Gender

socially constructed products Gender purely social

creation No fixed essence to

gender

Social Construction of Gender Sex and Gender

socially constructed products Gender purely social

creation No fixed essence to

gender

No biological basis to gender differences Gender identity

perceived sex differences

Jan Morris “Do Gender” Masculinity

encourage specific body types

Femininity encourage specific body types

Social Construction of Gender

No biological basis to gender differences Gender identity

perceived sex differences

Jan Morris “Do Gender” Masculinity

encourage specific body types

Femininity encourage specific body types

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3

Tribes Papa New Guinea

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3

Tribes Papa New Guinea

First Tribe Similar to that of Western

Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3

Tribes Papa New Guinea

First Tribe Similar to that of Western

Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3

Tribes Papa New Guinea

First Tribe Similar to that of Western

Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive

Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3

Tribes Papa New Guinea

First Tribe Similar to that of Western

Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive

Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders

Third Tribe Roles were reversed Women were tough and had

guts Men – carved and painted

Gossiped Tamper tantrums

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3

Tribes Papa New Guinea

First Tribe Similar to that of Western

Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive

Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders

Third Tribe Roles were reversed Women were tough and had

guts Men – carved and painted

Gossiped Tamper tantrums

NO UNIVERSALITY in gender differences

Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3

Tribes Papa New Guinea

First Tribe Similar to that of Western

Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive

Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders

Third Tribe Roles were reversed Women were tough and

had guts Men – carved and painted

Gossiped Tamper tantrums

NO UNIVERSALITY in gender differences

CULTURE, not biology

Forms of Gender Inequality

Forms of Gender Inequality

Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles

Forms of Gender Inequality

Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles Women child rearing

Maintenance of the home

Forms of Gender Inequality

Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles Women child rearing

Maintenance of the home Men political activities

Security military activities Child rearing – not primary responsibility

Forms of Gender Inequality

Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles Women child rearing

Maintenance of the home Men political activities

Security military activities Child rearing – not primary responsibility

Performance of different jobs DOES NOT mean that men and women are unequal Division of Labor

3 question to determine inequality

3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s

activities valued differently?

3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s

activities valued differently?

(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?

3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s

activities valued differently?

(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?

(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?

3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s

activities valued differently?

(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?

(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?

Class

3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s

activities valued differently?

(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?

(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?

Class

Status

3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s

activities valued differently?

(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?

(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?

Class

Status

Power

Status

Status

Women and the Work Place Few women worked in the

paid occupations When one did her wages

were sent to her parents When she was married, she

withdrew from work Now their participation

has arisen 2008 – 59% were employed 1960 – 38%

Married mothers with children 1978 – 14% 1998- 35%

Status

Women and the Work Place Few women worked in the

paid occupations When one did her wages

were sent to her parents When she was married, she

withdrew from work Now their participation

has arisen 2008 – 59% were employed 1960 – 38%

Married mothers with children 1978 – 14% 1998- 35%

Status

Women and the Work Place Few women worked in the

paid occupations When one did her wages

were sent to her parents When she was married, she

withdrew from work Now their participation

has arisen 1996 – 59% were employed 1960 – 38%

Married mothers with children 1978 – 14% 1998- 35%

Status

Status

Why the change? Increased demand for

clerical and service work 1960’s --Women who

were past their child bearing age were in demand

1970’s- 80’s – marriage age rose Fertility declined Educational attainment

increased

Class

Class

Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of

clerks

Class

Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of

clerks

Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined

Class

Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of

clerks

Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined

Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women

Class

Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks

Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined

Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women

Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in

Class

Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks

Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined

Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women

Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in

Class

Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks

Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined

Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women

Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in

Class

Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks

Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined

Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women

Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in

YEAR Earnings Ratio______________________________

1970 .621980 .641990 .712000 .762005 .782006 .792007 .802008 .81

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statisticshttp://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat2.pdf 2009

Class

Glass Ceiling Promotional barrier that

prevents women’s upward mobility In male dominated

occupations No sponsorship of powerful

senior colleagues No articulation of their value No good network College educated white males

in professional jobs, identify potential leaders as people like themselves

YEAR Earnings Ratio______________________________

1970 .621980 .641990 .712000 .762005 .782006 .792007 .802008 .81

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statisticshttp://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat2.pdf 2009

Class

Glass Ceiling Promotional barrier that

prevents women’s upward mobility In male dominated

occupations No sponsorship of powerful

senior colleagues No articulation of their value No good network College educated white

males in professional jobs, identify potential leaders as people like themselves

Glass Escalator Men who work in female

dominated professions Pushed to the top of their

corporate ladder They have to try to not to

move up

Power

Power

Gender Inequalities and Politics

Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate

1993 2 2009 17

29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now

22 % State Legislature 5X more that in 1969

Power

Gender Inequalities and Politics

Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate

1993 2 2009 17

29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now

22 % State Legislature 5X more that in 1969

Power

Gender Inequalities and Politics

Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate

1993 2 2009 17

29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now

22 % State Legislature 5X more that in 1969

Power

Gender Inequalities and Politics

Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate

1993 2 2009 17

29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now 16%

24% State Legislature 5X more that in 1969

1981 1st woman US Supreme Court

2000 2nd 19 years later

12 Governorships Vice Presidential

nomination 1984 Geraldine Ferraro (D) Sarah Palin 2008 (R)

Hillary Clinton president?

Analyzing Gender Inequality

Analyzing Gender Inequality

the Functionalist view Talcott Parsons Gender differences contribute to social

stability and integration

Analyzing Gender Inequality

the Functionalist view Talcott Parsons Gender differences contribute to social

stability and integration Stable, supportive families are the key to

successful socialization

Analyzing Gender Inequality

the Functionalist view Talcott Parsons Gender differences contribute to social

stability and integration Stable, supportive families are the key to

successful socialization Clear cut division of labor

o Women expressive roleso Men Instrumental roles

Analyzing Gender Inequality

the Feminist rebuttal

Analyzing Gender Inequality

the Feminist rebuttal Nothing natural about gender inequality

Analyzing Gender Inequality

the Feminist rebuttal Nothing natural about gender inequality Humans socialized into expected roles

o All for the convenience of men

Analyzing Gender Inequality

Feminism and its history

Analyzing Gender Inequality

Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality

Analyzing Gender Inequality

Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality Stratification by gender is wrong

Analyzing Gender Inequality

Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality Stratification by gender is wrong Women have accepted their status as morally

right

Analyzing Gender Inequality

Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality Stratification by gender is wrong Women have accepted their status as morally

right Resistance against this is in order

Feminism

First Wave 1920’s

Feminism

First Wave 1920’s

Liberals wanted to reform all institutions of society

Feminism

First Wave 1920’s

Liberals wanted to reform all institutions of society

Conservatives win the vote for women

Feminism

First Wave 1920’s

Liberals wanted to reform all institutions of society

Conservatives win the vote for women

Liberalist branch dissolved after the vote was won

Feminism

Second Wave 1960’s

Feminism

Second Wave 1960’s

Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job

opportunities and pay Changing policies

towards greater equality

Feminism

Second Wave 1960’s

Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job

opportunities and pay Changing policies

towards greater equality

Liberal Radicals hostility toward men

Feminism

Second Wave 1960’s

Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job

opportunities and pay Changing policies

towards greater equality

Liberal Radicals hostility toward men

Feminism

Second Wave 1960’s

Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job

opportunities and pay Changing policies

towards greater equality

Liberal Radicals hostility toward men

Conservative Radicals return to traditional family roleso Address the “real” needs

of today’s women

Feminism

Second Wave 1960’s

Dissolved with Civil rights movements dissolution

Too many voices demanding unrealistic expectation

Liberal Radicals hostility toward men

Conservative Radicals return to traditional family roleso Address the “real” needs

of today’s women

Feminism

Third Wave 1995 - Now

Feminism

Third Wave 1995 – Now

(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations

o Genital mutilation – clitoradectimy

Feminism

Third Wave 1995 – Now

(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations

(2) Criticize values that dominate work and society

Feminism

Third Wave 1995 – Now

(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations

(2) Criticize values that dominate work and society

o Competition cooperationo Toughness connectiono Callous emotions opennesso Independence interdependence

Feminism

Third Wave 1995 – Now

(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations

(2) Criticize values that dominate work and society (3) Remove impediments to women’s love and

sexual pleasures

The Third Wave: Feminism of TodayThe 4 most popular braches of Feminism in the

3rd wave: Liberal Feminism Radical Feminism Black Feminism Freudian Feminism

Feminism

Liberal Feminism

Feminism

Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes

Feminism

Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation

Democracy

Feminism

Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation

Democracy• Work within the existing system reform

Feminism

Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation

Democracy• Work within the existing system reform• Enshrine equality within the legal system

Feminism

Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation

Democracy• Work within the existing system reform• Enshrine equality within the legal system

o Unsuccessful in dealing with root causes

Feminism

Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation

Democracy• Work within the existing system reform• Enshrine equality within the legal system

o Unsuccessful in dealing with root causeso Doesn’t account for systematic nature of

inequality

Feminism

Radical Feminism

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexuality

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children

dependence

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children

dependence

o Free domestic labor

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children

dependence

o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children

dependence

o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power Emancipation abolish family

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children

dependence

o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power Emancipation abolish family Liberation is impossible through reforms

Feminism

Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination

o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children

dependence

o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power Emancipation abolish family Liberation is impossible through reforms Overthrow patriarchal order

Feminism

Black Feminism

Feminism

Black Feminism

Feminism

Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and

radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies

Feminism

Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and

radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies

Emphasize historyo Aspects of the past inform about current problemso Discrimination on bases of race and gender

Feminism

Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and

radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies

Emphasize historyo Aspects of the past inform about current problemso Discrimination on bases of race and gender

Family main force against racism

Feminism

Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and

radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies

Emphasize historyo Aspects of the past inform about current problemso Discrimination on bases of race and gender

Family main force against racism

Multiply Disadvantaged class, race, gender

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Feminism

Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman

Feminism

Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman Growing up solidarity with mothers

Feminism

Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman Growing up solidarity with mothers Disclosure of all inner thought

strong bond with motherso Oedipus effect girl wants the father out of the way to have the

mother all to herself

Feminism

Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman Growing up solidarity with mothers Disclosure of all inner thought

strong bond with motherso Oedipus effect girl wants the father out of the way to have the

mother all to herself

Girls remain to bond further with their mothers Boys leave to embrace the misogynist culture

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men

Unsatisfied in relationships with men

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men

Unsatisfied in relationships with men Enter into relationships with women

o Analogous to lesbian relationshipso One is the mother the other is the daughtero Not good option Societal stigma

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men

Unsatisfied in relationships with men Enter into relationships with women

o Analogous to lesbian relationshipso One is the mother the other is the daughtero Not good option Societal stigma

May want to bear a child daughtero Fill the void in the absence of their motherso May even want to give a daughter to their mothers

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Mother

-

-

Daughter Grand-daughter

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Mother

-

-

Daughter Grand-daughter

•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand

oReinforce roles of women

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Mother

-

-

Daughter Grand-daughter

•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand

oReinforce roles of women

•OVERIDENTIFY with the role of women

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Mother

-

-

Daughter Grand-daughter

•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand

oReinforce roles of women

•OVERIDENTIFY with the role of women

Men are less socially dependent

Feminism

Freudian Feminism

Mother

-

-

Daughter Grand-daughter

•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand

oReinforce roles of women

•OVERIDENTIFY with the role of women

Men are less socially dependent

Conflict between men and women