Post on 06-Jul-2020
From Mine to Market: Energy Metals & Electric Vehicle Industrialization
Evan Leon
Research Assistant
University of Michigan Energy Institute
TE
3
Conference
October 26, 2018
The views contained in this presentation represent Evan Leon’s assessment and do not in any way reflect those of the University of Michigan. Evan Leon would like to
acknowledge the invaluable mentorship and guidance of Dr. Ellen Hughes-Cromwick, Senior Economist and Associate Director at the University of Michigan Energy Institute.
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Executive Summary
• Energy metals enable the industrialization of electric vehicles (EVs)
• Current EV battery pack landscape varies greatly in energy density, cell chemistry, and energy metal usage
• Energy metals are important, but innovation is needed across all cell components to improve EV performance
• EV battery recycling processes must be flexible and produce desirable outputs to be competitive in evolving materials markets
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Electric Vehicle
Cell Supplier
Cell Type Cathode Pack Size (kWh)
EPA Range1
Co (kg)3 Li (kg)3,5
Tesla Model 3
Panasonic Cylindrical NCA 80 310miles
4.54 - 9.8 11.66
GM Bolt EV
LG Chem Pouch NCM 60 238 miles
11.2 - 23.2 10.4 - 11.5
Nissan Leaf
AESC Pouch NCM2 40 107 miles
7.5 - 15.4 6.9 - 7.7
BMW i3 Samsung Prismatic NCM 33 114 miles
6.2 - 12.7 5.7 - 6.3
2017 EV Model Comparison and Energy Metal Requirements
1. www.fueleconomy.gov2. Interpreted as “High Capacity” https://pushevs.com/2018/01/29/2018-nissan-leaf-battery-real-specs/3. Calculated based on NCM 622, 111 and NCA (N0.8C0.15A0.05) molar ratios - BatPac Model 3.0, Argonne National
Laboratory. Assumes average voltage: 3.75V. 4. Rawles, Caspar. Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. Cobalt Institute Conference: Las Vegas, Nevada. 24 May 2018.5. Includes lithium in electrolyte and cathode active material 6. Upper end estimate based on NCA molar ratio N0.8C0.15A0.05
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Estimation of Cobalt (kg) in Battery Electric Vehicle
60-kWh Pack * 0.187 – 0.386 kg of Cobalt / kWhNCM622, NCM 111
=
11.22 – 23.16 kg of Cobalt per vehicle
500,000 60-kWh packs * 11.22 – 23.16 kg =5,610 – 11,580 metric tons (~5 – 10% of Cobalt Market)
Source: https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1107864_electric-car-battery-
warranties-compared
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Performance Trade-Offs within NCM Cathode Family
Source: Fetchenko, Michael. BASF – ANL Collaboration on NCM Cathode Materials. 4 November 2014.
• More Nickel = Higher capacity
• More Cobalt = Better stability
• More Manganese = Higher operating voltage
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Source: FMC Corporation. BMO Global Metals and Mining Conference. 27 February 2018.
Lithium Chemical Use by Cathode Type
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What is in a battery cell?
33%
21%13%
12%
11%
5% 2% 2%
Battery Cell Components by Weight1
Cathode Active Material Anode Active Material Electrolyte
Anode Current Collector Oxygen, Binder, etc Cathode Current Collector
Polymer/aluminum cell containers Separator
ü Lithiumü Cobaltü Nickelü Manganese
1. Calculated based on cell specifications from Argonne National Laboratory’s BatPac Model 3.0 (Oct 2017 Release).
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Where will the next innovation be?
Source: Maryam Yazdanpour et al. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2014;161:A1953-A1963
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Key Questions for EV Battery Recycling
• When will EV battery packs reach end-of-life?
• How easy will it be to perform diagnostics and disassemble the packs?
• What will be the prevailing cell chemistry, i.e. energy metal needs, when battery packs reach end-of-life?
• Will the ultimate material recovery process produce a recycled output that can be:
1) reintroduced into supply chain? 2) have sufficient value to justify the recycling process?
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EV Battery Recycling: How do we close the loop?
Collection + Diagnostics1
Active Material
Separation
Disassembly2,3
Size Reduction
Pyrometallurgy (Smelting)
Acid Leaching + Solvent
Extraction
Active Material Regeneration
Co, Ni Alloys + Pure Metals
Co, Ni, Li Salts4,5
=
=
Precursors, Active Materials6
=
1. Battery Pack Photo Source: http://3dmoliermodels.blogspot.com/2016/05/3d-model-of-tesla-model-s-battery-pack.html2. Module Photo Source: http://www.evwest.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=4633. Cell Photo Source: https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_battery_cells4. Nickel Sulfate Photo Source: http://www.smm.co.jp/E/products/refining/nickelsu/5. Cobalt Sulfate Photo Source: http://www.sellchems.com/high-quality-cobalt-sulfate-for-sale/ 6. Active Material Photo Source: http://www.smm.co.jp/E/products/material/nickel_lite/
Al + Cu Current Collectors
Plastics, Cell Casings
#1
#2
#3
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Thank You
Questions?
From Mine to Market: Energy Metals & Electric Vehicle Industrialization
Evan Leon
Research Assistant
University of Michigan Energy Institute
TE
3
Conference
October 26, 2018
The views contained in this presentation represent Evan Leon’s assessment and do not in any way reflect those of the University of Michigan. Evan Leon would like to
acknowledge the invaluable mentorship and guidance of Dr. Ellen Hughes-Cromwick, Senior Economist and Associate Director at the University of Michigan Energy Institute.