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Fractional Distillation

Submitted by:

Co, Vian Paolo V.

Comendador, Mikaela V.

Cruz, Patricia Ann A.De Jesus, Cara Gabrielle A.

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What is Fractional Distillation?

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Fractional Distillation

is a type of distillation that involves separation

of a mixture into its constituents based on the

differences in their boiling point (volatility).

It is practiced for those mixtures, in which the

boiling point of the components differ by less

than 25 ºC at one atmospheric pressure.

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The component with the least boiling point is

separated first, while the component with the

high

est boiling point is drawn off at th

e last.

If the boiling point of the constituents differ

by more th

an 25 ºC, th

en simple distillationprocedure is implemented for separation.

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How does Fractional Distillation

Work?

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In the process of fractional distillation, a specific

apparatus is used for boiling the mixture and

collecting a series of fractions of the constituent

substances.

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The laboratory setup for fractional distillation

includes a round-bottom boiling flask,

condenser, adapter (that connects boiling flask

and condenser), fractionating column (withinthe adapter) and a collection flask.

A thermometer is fixed to the adapter formonitoring the temperature.

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The fractionating column is usually composed

of plates arranged in a horizontal manner,

which enhances the separation by allowing

condensation, evaporation and re-

condensation of the separated components.

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The vapor of the component substance afterpassing the fractionating column is passed to

the condenser, which is fixed with a water

inlet and water outlet pipe.

In the water inlet pipe, cold water is

constantly supplied to cool down or condensethe separated vapor.

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Eventually, warm water after being circulated

through the condenser is removed via the

outlet pipe.

The component undergoes condensation in

the condenser, which is then collected in the

collection flask as a purified liquid.

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The constituents with lower boiling point

tend to collect at the top portion of the

fractionating column, while those with higherboiling point settle at the bottom of the

column

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Though this type of distillation provides

better separation of constituents, it requiresmore energy and longer time than the usual

simple distillation.

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What are t

he uses of fractionaldistillation?

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Fractional Distillation

is practiced in large-scale alcoholic

fermentation in order to purify alcoh

olicbeverages.

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Beer and wine produced after fermentation of grains

and grapes contain less than 15 percent alcohol.

It is due to the fact that a high concentration of alcoholkills the yeast that are responsible for proceeding

fermentation.

In such a condition, fractional distillation is practicedto purify alcohol and make stronger alcoholic drinks.

In addition, fractional distillation is also used forsolvent recycling, extraction of essential oils andpurification of fragrances in perfume industries.

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Another use of fractional distillation is in theseparation of impurities contained in crude oil.

In fact, fractional distillation is the most commonprocedure followed for separation of mixtures in

petroleum refining industries and chemical industries.

In petroleum refining, gasoline is separated firstfollowed by kerosene, heating oil and lubricating oil.

This technology implemented in industries is referredto as continuous fractional distillation.

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Difference of Fractional fromsimple distillation:

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fractional distillation and simpledistillation

are based on the same principle, but differ in

procedure.

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When the substances in a mixture have boilingpoints which differ largely, simple distillation is

the first choice.

When that isn't the case, fractional distillation

is used. This process uses a fractionating

column, while simple distillation doesn't.

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Simple distillation cannot guarantee high purity of the separated component but

fractional distillation can provide separated

chemicals with a high degree of purity.

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fractional distillation is used in separating

mixtures whose components have boiling

points that are too close to each other, while

simple distillation is used in case of mixtures

whose components have boiling points that

are substantially far apart.