FORMULATIONS OF CHEMICAL

PESTICIDESSUDEEP PANDEY

PALB 6306

FORMULATION

• Description of the physical form of the pesticide in which it is put in the market.

Formulation = Active ingredients + Adjuvants

INGREDIENTS

ACTIVE:• The active component of the

formulated product.

• Responsible for the pesticidal effect.

Adjuvants• Components in the formulation

that are non toxic to the target pest.

• Not responsible for the pesticidal effect.

ADJUVANTS

• Adhesives/Stickers: materials that increase adhesion of fungicides to the host. polyvinyl acetate , linseed oil, gelatin

• Carriers: liquid or solid substancses in a formulation to facilitate application.• Dilutants: any liquid or solid materials used to dilute the active ingredient.

Eg: talc, bentonite clay• Extenders: retains pesticides longer on target area, slowing evaporation and

inhibiting degradation by sunlight.• Emulsifiers: chemical that prevents emulsions from mixing and settling.

Emulsifiers are used when ai is soluble in oil but not in water. Eg: soap, sulfonates

ADJUVANTS

• Fillers: a diluent in powder form.• Penetrants: enhances penetration of pesticides into plants.• Spreaders: a substance added to assist even distribution over the

target. Eg: saponins , mineral oil• Surfactants: chemicals which physically alter the surface tension

of a spray droplet.• Wetting agent: a chemical that can be added to a liquid to reduce

its surface tension and make it more effective in spreading over and penetrating surfaces. Eg: teepol, tergitol and triton

TYPES OF FORMULATIONS• SOLID

• LIQUID

• GAS

DUSTS (D)They contain a low percentage of ai wth a very fine, dry

inert carrier such as talc, chalk or clay. Ex: Malathion 5D

Advantages• Mostly used for seed

treatment and home gardening.

• Most are ready to use as purchased.

• Require simple equipment

Disadvantages• Drift hazards to non targets• Loose efficacy when used along

with water or other carriers.• Irritation to eyes, nose throat

and skin.• Difficult to get even distribution

of particles on surfaces.

WETTABLE POWDERS (W or WP)Finely ground formulations that looks like dust but when mixed with water

remains as suspensions. Ai ranges from 5-95%. Eg: Sulphur 80WP

Advantages• Easy to store transport and handle.• Less likely to cause damage to non targets.• They contain wetting and dispersing

agents.• Less skin and eye absorption than ECs and

other liquid formulations.• Do not absorb into porous surfaces, when

water evaporates, powder sits on surface and is readily picked up by insects

Disadvantages• Inhalation of particles while mixing

concentrate• Constant agitation of suspension

prior to and during application• Pumps and nozzles can be damaged

by abrasion of the particles• Visible residues can occur on dark

surfaces

SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)They look like WP however when mixed with water they form a true solution. Ai ranges from 15-95%.

Advantages• Easy to store transport and handle.• Less likely to cause damage to non targets.• They contain wetting and dispersing agents.• Less skin and eye absorption than ECs and

other liquid formulations.• Do not absorb into porous surfaces, when

water evaporates, powder sits on surface and is readily picked up by insects

• Less agitation.

Disadvantages• Inhalation of particles

while mixing concentrate

WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG)Similar to WP except ai are in the form of granules rather than powder . They are also called as dry flowables. These are mixed with water. The ai content

ranges 90%. Ex:Metribuzin 25 DF

Advantages • Safer and easier to pour

and mix than WP because there is less dust.

Disadvantages• More agitation is required

than that for WP.

GRANULES (G)These are made by coating or adsorbing the active ingredient on to coarse particles such as clay, newspaper pellets, etc. they may be applied directly or along with water or other carriers. Most often used as soil treatments.

The amount of ai ranges from 1-15%.

Advantages• Fewer hazards to applicators.• Drift hazard is also low.• Ready to use- no mixing.• Simple application equipments

needed, seeders or fertilizer spreaders.

• Break down slowly than WPs or ECs.

Disadvantage • Often difficult to apply

uniformly.• Will not stick to foliage.• Irrigation or rainfall may be

required for granules to be effective.

• Hazardous to birds

PELLETS (P or Ps)Similar to granules.

Advantages• They are usually more

uniform of a specific weight or shape.

• Many rodents and insect type of baits are formulated as pellets.

EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (EC)They usually contain a liquid ai, one or more petroleum based solvents and an agent that allows the formulation to be mixed

with water to form an emulsion.

Advantages• Easy to handle, transport and

store• Little agitation required - will

not settle out or separate when equipment is running.

• Non abrasive• Will not plug screens or nozzles

Disadvantages• Due to high concentration of ai caliberation

and application must be done very carefully.• Flammable• May cause damage to desirable plants.• Some surfaces such as plastic or rubber

hoses gaskets and pump surfaces to deteriorate. may be damaged

• Can easily penetrate skin causing dermal hazard.

• May be corrosive.

READY TO USE LOW CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONS (RTU)Small amount of active ingredient (often 1% or less per unit volume) in an organic solvent.

Advantages• Low concentrate

formulations ready to use.• No further dilutions

required.• Especially useful for

structural and institutional pests and for household uses.

Disadvantages• Limited availability• High cost per unit of ai• Many organic solvents are

harmful to foliage thus can not be used as plant sprays.

ULTRA LOW VOLUME CONCENTRATE (ULV)Contains high percentage of ai in solution with a solvent, usually oil. They are designed to be applied at rate of only ounces per acre.

Advantages• Easy to handle, transport and

store• Remain in solution – little

agitation required.• Non abrasive to equipment• Will not plug screens or nozzles• Leave little visible residues on

treated surface.

Disadvantages• High drift hazard• Specialized equipment required• Easily absorbed through skin of

humans or animals.• Some surfaces such as plastic or

rubber parts of may be damaged• Due to high concentration of ai

caliberation and application must be done very carefully.

INVERT EMULSIONSIt contains a water soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil

carrier.

Advantages• It aids in reducing drift.• More pesticides reach the

target• Helps to reduce runoff and

improves rain storage.• Acts as sticker-spreader.

Disadvantages • It is difficult to get

thorough coverage on the underside of the foliage.

AEROSOLSThese formulations contain one or more ai and a solvent. Most aerosols contain less percentage of ai. Wasp Freeze, Ultracide

Ready to use aerosols• These formulations are usually

small, self contained units that release pesticide when the nozzle valve is triggered.

• The pesticide is driven through a fine opening by an inert gas under pressure creating fine droplets.

Smoke or Fog generators• They are used in machines

that break the liquid formulation into a fine mist or fog using a rapidly whirling disk.

• These formulations are not under pressure.

READY TO USE AEROSOLSADVANTAGES• ready to use• portable• easily stored• convenient way t buy a small amount of pesticide• retain potency over fairly long time.

DISADVANTAGES• limited areas• inhalation injury• hazardous if punctured over heated or used near an open flame• difficult to confine to target site or pest.

SMOKE OR FOG GENERATORSADVANTAGES• easy way to fill entire enclosed space with pesticide.

DISADVANTAGES• highly specialized use and equipment.• difficult to confine to target site or pest.• inhalation injury.

MICROENCAPSULATED PARTICLESLiquid or dry pesticide particles in a plastic coating to produce a

microencapsulated formulation.

Advantages• Safer for applicators to

mix and apply.• Longevity in efficacy.• Reduce injury to plants.

Disadvantages • Severe hazard to bees.• Breakdown depends on

weather conditions.

Water Soluble Packaging (Gel Pack)

• Packaging precise amounts of wettable powder or soluble powder formulations in a special type of plastic bag.

• When we drop these bags into a filled spray tank, they dissolve and release their contents to mix with the water.

• reduce the mixing and handling hazards of some highly toxic pesticides.

FUMIGANTSThese are pesticides that form gas when applied. They may be liquids packed at high or ordinary pressure and

solids.

Advantages• Toxic to a wide range of

pests.• Can penetrate cracks,

crevices, wood and tightly packed areas such as soil or stored grains.

• Single treatment usually kills most pests in treated areas.

Disadvantages• Target site must be

enclosed • Highly toxic to humans

and all other organisms.• Specialized protective

equipments may be required.

Attractants

• Attractants include pheromones, sugar and

protein hydrolysate syrups and rotting meat. • Pest managers use these attractants in sticky

traps and capture bags. • Suitable for evaluating the population density

of pest in the particular field.• Ex: methyl eugenol- fruit fly

Repellents

• Substance prevents the plants or animals by making the food or living conditions of pest unattractive• Repellents are available in aerosol and lotion

formulations• Ex: oil of citronella- mosquito napthalene boll - clothmoth

Animal Systemics

• A systemic animal pesticide is one that is absorbed and moves within the animal

• applied orally or externally • Oral applications include food additives and premeasured

capsules and liquids • External applications involve pour-on liquids, liquid sprays, and

dusts

CONCLUSION

• Having the equipment needed for the type of formulation• Formulation can applied safely under the conditions of the

application area• Formulation reach the target and stay there long enough for

control• Possibility of the formulation harming the surface on which it

is applied