Post on 24-Dec-2015
FOFFF
FOUNDATIONSA house is built of bricks and cementA home is built of love and affection
Buildings and its TypesA building is living place surrounded by walls and
covered by roofs to keep out rain , sun,wind.Types RESIDENTIAL BUILDING- Houses ,apartments etcEDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS-Schools ,
universities ,etcBUSINESS BUILDINGS- Banks ,shopping complexINDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS-Power Plants, FactoriesSTORAGE BUILDINGS-Ware houses, godowns
SELECTION OF SITE FOR THE BUILDING
COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING
FOUNDATIONS OR SUBSTRUCTURE
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE BED(lime concrete bed) of about 300mm thick
TWO OR THREE MASONRY FOOTINGS
LOADS ON FOUNDATIONS1.DEAD LOADDead load is the dead weight or the self weight
of the foundation , it includes all walls , floors , roofs ,etc..
2.Live loadsLive loads is the movable and superimposed
loads on floor it includes all the loads that are not permanent . it includes the weight of the persons , weight of the furniture etc.
3.WIND LOADThe effect of wind should be considered in case
of tall building .The exposed sides and roofs of the tall buildings are subjected to wind pressure
FUNCTIONS or REQUIREMENTS OF THE FOUNDATIONSBase for the StructureTransmitting the Load to the SoilUniform Distribution of Load on Larger AreaMinimization of Differential Settlement Stability of the Building Firm Level BaseLateral Stability to the StructureSafety against Sliding and OverturningSafety against Scouring and Undertaking
Foundation SoilSoil is the major portion covering the earth
crustClassification of soil(a) Coarse grained soil1.Gravel2.Sand (b)Fine grained soil1.Slits2.Clay
BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL1.The design of the foundation depends on the
bearing capacity of the soil.2.Ulitimate bearing capacity of the soil
=Ultitimate load/Area of the plate3.Safe bearing capacity of the soil=Ultimate
bearing capacity of the soil/factor of safety4.Allowable soil pressureIt is the safe soil pressure which is safe against
failure . it does not cause settlement more than permissible settlement
Factors affecting bearing capacityPhysical features of the foundation, type ,size
, shape depth. And rigidity of the structureTypes of soil and its physical
properties(density, shear, strength)Position of ground water tableAllowable settlement of the soil
METHODS OF IMPROVING BEARING CAPACITY1.By increasing the Depth of the foundation2.By compacting the soil3.By draining the Sub-Soil water4.By grouting the soil mass with cement Grout5.By Restricting the movement of the soil6.By Injecting Chemicals
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIO
N
SHALLOW
DEEP MACHINE
SPREADMAT OR
RAFTPILES
PIERS
WELL
STEEL,CONCRET
E,COMPOSIT
ETIMBER
BELLED,STRAIGHT SHAFTED
WALLS,ISOLAT
ED,COMBI
NED
SHALLOW FOUNDATION(OPEN FOUNDATION)
THE DEPTH OF THE FOUNDATION IS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN ITS WIDTH.
TYPES1.Spread Foundation2.Raft or Mat foundation
SPREAD FOUNDATIONThe load of the foundation is spread over a
large areaIt is the cheapest type of foundation TYPES1.Wall footings2.Isolated or column footings*Simple * Stepped *Sloped3.Combined footings and continuous footings*Rectangular *Trapezoidal4.Continuous footings
MAT OR RAFTMat is like a large spread footing , covering
the entire building area . All building loads are supported on a common mat
TYPES1.Flat R.C.C slab 2.Thick R.C.C slab
DEEP FOUNDATIONThe depth of the foundation is more than its
width . They transmit the load of super structure through week soil to strong soil beds or rock beds available at greater depth.
TYPES1.Piles2.Piers3.Well
PILE FOUNDATIONCLASSIFICATIONMaterial compositionFunctions or usesInstallation methodsGround effectsClassification on functions1.End bearing piles2.Under reamed piles
WELL FOUNDATIONIt is hollow inside resembling the well. It has
no proper bottom cover . A well curb of steel is or R.C.C is constructed in a yard . it is placed where the well has to be sunk.
FOUNDATION FAILURES(causes and remedies)
1.unequal settlement of sub-soil2.Horizontal movement of the earth3.Shrinkage of sub-soil4.Sliding of the soil5.Compression of mortar joints and foundation
masonry6.Excessive settlement of sub-soil7.Roots of trees and shrubs8.Atmospheric actions