Post on 16-Feb-2016
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First 2 years Psychosocial Development
How do two year olds develop emotions, self-awareness, temperament, & social bonds?
Newborns = two emotions◦ Distress & contentment
Happiness = Social smile◦ Occurs when seeing a face
Anger = frustration Sadness = withdrawal & stress Social fear
◦ Stranger wariness◦ Separation anxiety
These changes gradually develop during the first year.
How do emotions develop?
I am separate from others Mirror rouge test Me & mine Generally develops during the second year
How do we know when a child develops self-awareness?
Emotions become more sophisticated as the cortex and memory develops
Stress can effect the parts of the brain related to emotions◦ Hypothalamus◦ Amygdala
How are emotions related to the brain?
Temperament = Genetic predispositions◦ Shyness & aggression◦ Whether these are expressed is based on
experience – culture, childrearing methods, etc.◦ Harsh parenting combined with a negative
temperament can create antisocial, destructive children.
Personality traits = Learned◦ Honesty and humility
Adults who are extroverts, agreeable, and positive = warmer, more competent parents.
What causes temperament & personality traits?
What emotions develop over the first year? How can you tell when a child develops
self-awareness? What causes emotions to become more
complex? What parts of the brain are related to
emotions? What type of parenting creates antisocial,
destructive children?
Do you remember?
Psychoanalytic◦ Freud◦ Erikson
Behaviorism Cognitive Sociocultural
What are theories of development?
Freud Oral stage (1st. Yr.)
◦ E.g. Breast-feeding◦ Oral fixation
E.g. Fingernail biting, smoking, overeating Anal (2nd. Yr.)
◦ Bowels◦ Self-controlled
Anal personality◦ Most people disagree with this idea◦ Toilet training – Later age = less time
Psychoanalytic - Freud
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy
(independence & self-rule) vs. shame and doubt
Psychoanalytic – Erikson
Emotions & personality◦ Based on reinforcement & punishment by parents
Social learning◦ Albert Bandura◦ Bobo doll experiment◦ Children express emotions they see others do
Behaviorism
During what period of Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory does toilet training occur?
If a child toilet trains later, will it take longer to accomplish?
What question must a child resolve in Erikson’s first stage?
What do the behaviorists assume creates a personality?
What does social learning theory assume creates emotions?
Do you remember?
Working models◦ A set of assumptions that children use as a frame
of reference◦ People are warm & friendly◦ People can never be trusted
Interpretation of experiences is most crucial
Cognitive
Culture is most important Proximal (close) parenting
◦ Much body contact◦ Children become
More compliant Less independent More separation & stranger anxiety
Distal (far) parenting◦ Less body contact◦ Children become
Less obedient More independent Less separation & stranger anxiety
Sociocultural theory
Attachment◦ Proximity-seeking
Following caregivers◦ Contact maintaining
Touching, snuggling, holding Social referencing
◦ Toddlers referring to parental emotions & actions to evaluate a situation E.g. eating new foods Crossing the street
Development of Social Bonds
Give an example of a working model a child might develop?
What is the difference between proximal and distal parenting?◦ Which method would you use, and why?◦ Give an example of social referencing a child
might use?
Do you remember?