(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Psychological Therapies

Psychoanalysis

HumanisticTherapies

BehavioralTherapies

CognitiveTherapies

Psycho-Therapies

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

PsychoanalysisMany Y problems are due to repressed

childhood impulses & conflictsMany Y problems are due to repressed

childhood impulses & conflicts

Historical Reconstruction to Shed Light on the PresentHistorical Reconstruction to Shed Light on the Present

PatientPatient provides Free Association & Dreams

AnalystAnalyst provides Interpretations:• Aim to provide insight intopatient’s underlying conflicts• Understanding of Transference• Problem - Slow & Expensive $

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Humanistic Therapies

Emphasis on people’s inherent potential forself-fulfillment

Emphasis on people’s inherent potential forself-fulfillment

Humanists focus on:• the present, not the past• awareness of feelings, not childhood originsof feelings• conscious thoughts, not unconscious ones• taking responsibility for feelings & actions,not uncovering hidden(?) causes• promoting growth, not curing illness

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Person-Centered Therapy

Carl Rogers

Focus is on client’s self-perceptions,not interpretations of the therapist

Focus is on client’s self-perceptions,not interpretations of the therapist

Non-Directive TherapyNon-Directive TherapyListen, without judging, interpretingor directing the client toward certain

insights

Active Listening - echoing, restating,clarification and acknowledgment

of the client’s feelings.

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Gestalt Therapy

Fritz Perls

Combine unconscious feelings with“getting in touch with oneself” andtaking responsibility for oneself.

Combine unconscious feelings with“getting in touch with oneself” andtaking responsibility for oneself.

Make client “whole” byMake client “whole” bybreaking through theirbreaking through their

defenses & helpingdefenses & helpingthem sense and expressthem sense and expresstheir moment-to-momenttheir moment-to-moment

feelings.feelings.

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Behavior Therapies

Behaviors are the problems !Behaviors are the problems !

QQ: Does knowing why you are afraidof heights make you notnot

afraid of heights?

AA: NO…So why bother with “WHY”?

Learning Principles areLearning Principles areused to eliminateused to eliminate

unwanted behaviorsunwanted behaviors

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

• Psychotherapy– the process in which a patient (often

referred to as a client) and a professional attempt to remedy psychological difficulties

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Psychotherapy: Psychological Approaches to Treatment

• Psychodynamic therapy• based on the premise that the primary sources

of abnormal behavior are unresolved past conflicts and the possibility that unacceptable unconscious impulses will enter consciousness

• Psychoanalysis• psychodynamic therapy that involves frequent

sessions and often lasts for many years

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Behavioral Approaches to Treatment

• Behavioral treatment approaches– build upon the basic processes of learning

embodied in classical and operant conditioning

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Behavioral Approaches to Treatment

• Classical conditioning approaches– aversive conditioning

• create unpleasant reactions to stimuli that an individual previously enjoyed

– systematic desensitization• person is taught to relax and then is gradually

exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus in order to extinguish the response of anxiety

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Behavioral Approaches to Treatment

• Observational learning• learning by watching others’ behavior and the

consequences of that behavior

• Modeling• systematically teach people new skills and

ways of handling their fears and anxieties

• Operant conditioning• token system of rewarding desired behavior

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Classical ConditioningCounter-ConditioningCounter-ConditioningPairing the CS with a new, “fear-less” response

SystematicDesensitization

AversiveConditioning

Swap (+) for (-)Swap (+) for (-) Swap (-) for (+)Swap (-) for (+)

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Operant Conditioning

Behaviors are influenced by their consequencesBehaviors are influenced by their consequences

Rewards used to modify behavior varies(e.g., attention, praise or food)

Token EconomyToken Economy

RewardsRewards = tokens to beredeemed for desirableitems like candy, TV,

trips, etc.

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Cognitive Therapies

Thinking affects our feelings - change patternsof thinking and you change feelings

(major depression & general anxiety)

Thinking affects our feelings - change patternsof thinking and you change feelings

(major depression & general anxiety)

Depressed

Happy

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Cognitive Approaches to Therapy

• Cognitive-behavioral approach– people’s faulty cognitions about

themselves and the world are changed to more accurate ones

• Rational-emotive therapy– attempts to restructure a person’s belief

system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Cognitive Approaches to Therapy

• Cognitive therapy– psychotherpay based on Beck’s goal to

change people’s illogical thoughts about themselves and the world

– less confrontational and challenging than rational-emotive therapy

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Rational-Emotive Therapy

Many problems arise fromirrational thinking

Many problems arise fromirrational thinking

Show client the absurdity of theirShow client the absurdity of theirideas and they will realize thatideas and they will realize that

their problems aren’t reallytheir problems aren’t really““problems”.problems”.

Confrontational Style

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Humanistic Approaches to Therapy

• Humanistic therapy– the underlying assumption is that people

have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Humanistic Approaches to Therapy

• Client-centered therapy• goal is to reach one’s potential for self-

actualization

• Existential therapy• addresses the meaning of life and human

freedom

• Gestalt therapy• attempts to integrate a client’s thoughts,

feelings, and behavior into a whole

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Biomedical Therapies

Rapid decline in the “resident patient” populationdue to advances in Psychopharmacology in ‘50s

Rapid decline in the “resident patient” populationdue to advances in Psychopharmacology in ‘50s

Has the net result beenHas the net result been““Good” or “Bad”?Good” or “Bad”?

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to

Treatment

• Biomedical Therapy– therapy that relies on drugs and other

medical procedures to improve psychological functioning

• Drug Therapy– control of psychological problems through

drugs

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Antipsychotic Drugs

ThorazineThorazineCalms (+) symptom

ThorazineThorazineCalms (+) symptom

ClozarilClozarilMay “awaken” (-) symptom

ClozarilClozarilMay “awaken” (-) symptom

How?How?By occupying Dopamine receptor sites atneuron and blocking it’s activity

How?How?By occupying Dopamine receptor sites atneuron and blocking it’s activity

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Drug Therapy

• Antipsychotic drugs– drugs that temporarily alleviate psychotic

symptoms such as agitation and overactivity

• chlorpromazine• clozapine• haloperidol

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Antianxiety Drugs

Work by depressing CNS activityWork by depressing CNS activity

Drugs like Valium & LibriumDrugs like Valium & Libriumreduce tension and anxietyreduce tension and anxiety

without causingwithout causingexcessive sleepiness.excessive sleepiness.

PrinceValium

PsychologicalPsychologicalDependence!Dependence!

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Drug Therapy

• Lithium– a form of simple mineral salts that has been

used very successfully in cases of bipolar disorder

• Antianxiety drugs– reduce the level of anxiety a person

experiences, essentially by reducing excitability and in part by increasing drowsiness

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Antidepressant Drugs

Increase availability of Norepinepherine or SeratoninIncrease availability of Norepinepherine or Seratonin

Prozac blocks reuptake/removalProzac blocks reuptake/removalof seratonin from the synapseof seratonin from the synapse

$1 Billion in sales in ‘93$1 Billion in sales in ‘93

ProzacProzac Manic-Depressive DisorderManic-Depressive DisorderLithium - simple saltLithium - simple salt

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Drug Therapy

• Antidepressant drugs– medication that improves a depressed

patient’s mood and feeling of well-being• Prozac (fluoxetine)• Zoloft• Paxil

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Therapies of Last Resort

Electroconvulsive Therapy & PsychosurgeryElectroconvulsive Therapy & Psychosurgery

ECTECT - limited to severely depressed patientsHow Does It Work? Good Question.How Does It Work? Good Question.

LobotomyLobotomy - cut nervesconnecting frontal lobes

with inner brain(fad of ‘40s & ‘50s(fad of ‘40s & ‘50s

...very nasty)...very nasty)

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Psychosurgery

• Psychosurgery– brain surgery once used to alleviate

symptoms of mental disorder but rarely used today

• Prefrontal lobotomy– surgically destroying or removing parts of a

patient’s frontal lobes that were thought to control emotionality

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)– a procedure in which an electric current of

70 to 150 volts is briefly administered to a patient’s head, causing a loss of consciousness and often seizures

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Evaluating Psychotherapy: Does Therapy

Work?

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Evaluating Psychotherapy: Does Therapy Work?

• Spontaneous recovery– recovery without treatment

• Eclectic approach to therapy– an approach to therapy that uses

techniques taken from a variety of treatment methods, rather than just one

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Group Therapy

• Group therapy– therapy in which people discuss problems

with a group

• Family therapy– an approach that focuses on the family as

a whole unit to which each member contributes

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

Community Psychology: Focus on Prevention

• Community psychology– a movement aimed toward preventing or

minimizing psychological disorders in the community

• Deinstitutionalization– the transfer of former mental patients from

institutions into the community

(Feldman, 1999; Kohn & Kohn, 1998; Richarson, 1999)

References

• Feldman, M. (1999). McGraw Hill Company. Retrieved May 2002 from World Wide Web at: http://www.mcgrawhill.com.

• Kohn, A. J. & Kohn, W. (1998). The Integrator 2.0. CD-Rom. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

• Richardson, K. (1999). Retrieved May 2002 from the World Wide Web at:

http://www.monmouth.edu.