Post on 02-Jul-2018
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
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Belgium
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Fax: +32 2 512 90 62
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation
and Air-Conditioning Associations
Professional organization with 28 member countries
representing more than 100 000 HVAC experts in Europe
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Design of energy efficient ventilation
and air-conditioning
systems
REHVA Guidebook nº 17
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Nejc Brelih (ed.)
Olli Seppänen
Thore Bertilsson
Mari-Liis Maripuu
Hervé Lamy
Alex Vanden Borre
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Why this Topic ?
In light of the future stringent EU energy regulations, design of ventilation
and air-conditioning systems will play an increasingly important role. The
traditional approach, with HVAC design being an indispensable phase of
the project will have to be integrated into the building design right from
the beginning of the project.
The major focus of the book is on the current state-of-the art equipment
and systems. Practical guidance is offered for the selection, installation and
operation of equipment, as well as information on the future design trends.
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Pecs Univ, HUN,
Zoltan Magyar
ESSO, F
Hervé Lamy
Camfill, SE
Thore Bertilsson
Airmodus & FAMBSI,
FIN Minna Väkevä, Jorma
Railio
Rev
Rev
Rev
Rev
Rev
Reviewers: Ahmet Arisoy (Turkey), Derrick Braham (UK), Vincenc Butala, (Slovenia), Gianfranco Rizzo
(Italy), Christian Feldmann (France), Risto Kosonen (Finland)
Acknowledgements Mika Vuolle (EQUA), Niels Bidstrup (Grundfos), Sandrine Marinhas and Sylvain
Courtney (Eurovent Certification), Petra Vladykova (Swegon), Philippe Rivière (Mines ParisTech) for all their
valuable contributions to the guidebook. Verity and Derrick Braham for proof-reading.
Layout and typesetting: Jarkko Narvanne (Finland)
Rehva Task – Guidebook 17
Rehva , Olli
Seppanen,, Nejc Brelic,
Alex van den Borre
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Aim of the Guidebook
Although the goal of building nearly zero energy
buildings may appear difficult to achieve in less than 10
years from now, the good news is that the know-how is
already available.
We hope that this guidebook will prove to be a valuable
source of this knowledge and that after reading it the
reader will be able to successfully use it in practice.
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Guidebook Contents
1 Terminology
2 Energy & buildings in EU
3 Indoor environmental quality
4 Air handling units
5 Energy efficient fans
6 Air filters
7 Air-to-air recovery systems
8 Demand controlled ventilation
9 Design and balancing of ductwork
10 Chillers and heat pumps
11 Pumps and hydronics
12 Elect motors and variable speed
13 Solar shading equipment
References
Appendix 1: Simulation details
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
28%
23%17%
11%
7%
4%
11%Wholesale & retail
Offices
Educational
Hotels & restau.
Hospitals
Sport facilities
Other
Non-residential floor space for the
European countries with industrial buildings
excluded (source: BPIE).
Energy and buildings in Europe
3 %7 % 10 %
6 %
57 %
3 %
Catering
Computing
Hot water
Heating
Lighting
Other
14 %
End use energy splits in British office
buildings in 2006
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Normalized performance in office work
Indoor Environmental Quality
Total operating expense 100%
Miscellaneous cost 10%Salary and employee related cost 80%
Operation & maintenance 3%
Construction cost 7%
Energy 0.3…0.6%
Electricity0.2…0.4%
Heating0.1…0.2%
Building related cost 10 %
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Air Handling Units, Fans & Filters
15 %
46
%
27 %
2 %10 % Investments
Fan electricity
Energy
Pumps electricity
Maintenance
Typical split of life-cycle costs for AHUs
in office buildings (Source: Eurovent) €50 000
€0
€100 000
€200 000
€250 000
€150 000
€300 000
€350 000
€400 000
AHU3.2 m/s
AHU2.6 m/s
AHU2.3 m/s
AHU1.9 m/s
AHU1.5 m/s
capital costs
power costs
cost of space reorganisation
LCC analysis of 5 different sizes of AHUs with different
face velocities – operating time 24 hours per day, 7
days per week (source: AL-KO).
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Air Handling Units, Fans & FiltersN
um
be
r o
f fa
ns
Total fan efficiency [%]
125
197 220
156
69
0
100
200
3001
0%
‐ 1
9%
20
% ‐
29
%
30
% ‐
39
%
40
% ‐
49
%
50
% ‐
59
%
Results of total efficiency measurements
of 779 fans in Sweden
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Air-to-air Heat Recovery Systems
Extractair
Supplyair
Exhaustair
Outdoorair
ClassTemperature
effectiveness
Sum of
pressure
losses [Pa]
Coefficient of
performance
Energy
efficiency
H1 0.75 2 x 280 19.5 0.71
H2 0.67 2 x 230 21.2 0.64
H3 0.57 2 x 170 24.2 0.55
H4 0.47 2 x 125 27.3 0.45
H5 0.37 2 x 100 26.9 0.36
Classification of heat recovery units according to EN 13053.
€ 0
€ 50 000
€ 100 000
€ 150 000
€ 200 000
€ 250 000
€ 300 000
€ 350 000H
RW
1
HR
W 2
HR
W 3
HR
W 4
HR
W 5
HR
W 6
HR
W 7
HR
W 8
capital costs
heating costs
cooling costs
power costs
humidifying costs
An example of a LCC analysis of heat recovery
equipment (source: AL-KO).
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV)
Recommendations in a nutshell:
DCV systems can be successfully applied for indoor air quality control in a number of different types of buildings.
The most suitable is application in premises with varying occupancy density.
The controlling sensor must be located in a place where it best represents and responds to the measured indicator.
For best performance a DCV system should be designed, installed, commissioned and operated under a constant and
complete commissioning process.
Airflow rateDC V system
Time of day
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Airflow rateC AV s ystem
O ccupancyNu
mb
er
of
pe
op
le -
Hyg
ien
ic a
irfl
ow
rate
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Design and Balancing Ductwork
Range of outdoor air flows in 33 randomly selected
mechanically ventilated office buildings in the
Helsinki metropolitan area
. Distribution of room temperatures
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Chillers and Heat Pumps
Cooling
EERpoint35°C
Heating
COP point7°C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
‐10 ‐6 ‐2 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38
Nu
mb
er
of
ho
urs
pe
r b
in (
h)
Outdoor temperature (°C)
Number of hours per one degree of outdoor
temperature for the typical cooling and
heating seasons in average European
climate (e.g. Paris, London, Berlin, Vienna).
COP and EER points show the standard
temperatures for the calculation of COP and
EER according to EN 14511.
872
874779
1129 1224892
475125 111 40 1
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
17,5 50 100 200 350 500 700 900 1200 1500
EER
Cooling capacity [kW]
25%
Min
50%
Max
75%
Numberof units
Air-cooled chillers – EER distribution in Eurovent
database from year 2010 (Rivière, 2011).
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Pumps and Hydronics
ST IM VS-AC VS-EC
Ene
rgy
(kW
h/y
ear)
25% 50% 75% 100% Total0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Flow
Energy consumption of four different circulation pumps
(ST – a standard single-speed pump; IM – a single-
speed pump with improved hydraulic efficiency; VS-AC
– a variable speed pump with an asynchronous motor
and a variable frequency drive; VS-EC – a variable
speed pump with EC motor)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Electric motors and variable speed drives
Typical efficiency of indirect three-phase voltage source converters
with a passive front-end (IEC 60034-31).
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar Shading Equipment
The reduction of primary energy
used for heating, cooling and
lighting with automatically
controlled solar shading
compared to energy use without
shading for double glazing (red
line), low-e glazing (yellow line)
and solar control glazing (blue
line). A simulated case for an
office in Madrid
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Thank you
for your
attention