FARM MECHANICS2 Units

Three hours per week

COURSE DETAILS

COURSE COODINATOR: Engr. I.A. Ola B.Eng. M.Sc.

Email: olaia@unaab.edu.ng

Office location: Room 2, CVE buildingOther Lecturers: Dr. O.U. Dairo.

Course content:Selection ,Operation, sharpening, care and uses

of shop tools and equipment.Wood working, Concrete and masonry, Iron

working, Blacksmithing, Welding, Cutting and brazing.

Glazing and sheet metal work.Repair and maintenance of tractors and

machinery.Building of equipment of equipment adaptable to

form shop construction.Fabrication, maintenance, repair of farm field

processing machines.

COURSE REQUIREMENTA compulsory course for all student in the

Department of Agriculture Engineering . Students are expected to participate in all the course activities and have minimum of 75% attendance to be able to write the final examination.

READING LIST1. Liljedahl J. B. , Carleton W. M. Turnquist P.

K. and smith D. W. Tractors and their power . Third Edition John Wiley and Sons.

2. Khurmi R. S. and Gupta I. K. A text book of workshop technology (manufacturing processes). Publication Division of NIRJA Construction and Development Co (D) LTD. Ramnagar New Delhi- 110055

3. Kepner R. A. Principles of Farm Machinery CBS Publisher and Distributor .

SELECTION OF TOOLSCRITERIA FOR SELECTING SHOP TOOLSTo select tools (hand tools or powered tools)

the following points must be considered: Job or the task to be performedTools and machine requiredStrength of materialsSize of jobShape and specification (tolerance)Capacity of machine and toolsQuality (Surface finishing and ecstatic value)

OPERATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTHAMMER 1). HARD SURFACE HAMMER

i) Cross and straight hammer : To beat sheet metals into shapes.

ii) Claw hammer: to remove or drive in nails into objects.

iii) Small ball peen hammer used for light jobs: for shaping thinner section of

sheets metals.

iv) Sledge hammer : For heavy duty job requiring more striking force.

v) Mallet soft surface hammer: for striking objects with delicates surface or parts must not be destroyed.

The appropriate size and type must be used for the right job. Since:

F = ma ……………………………………(1)where

F = the striking force applied to the hammer edge

via the handle

F = mg Fig. 1.1 Mallet

HANDLE

SURFACE MADE OF RUBBER

SPANNER

Spanners are used to tighten or loosening of bolts and nuts are made of cast steels (vanadium or chromium steels). Are in different categories and make.

•Box spanners•Rings •Suckets•Wrenches T= F r

A bench vice is secured on the work bench to grip work piece while it is worked on.

BENCH VICE

•Center punch: to mark out center point on metals where holes will be drilled. Types ; Prick punch

Center punch Hollow punchCare; keep in appropriate storage place after use ,

blunt edge must be sharpened using the grinder avoid throwing tool on the floor of the workshop etc.

•Chisel: for cutting sheet metals up to 3mm in thickness. Thicker section requires the use of guillotine machine. Cutting edge is sharpened with the use of hand grinder. Types; Round nose

Cape Diamond Flat Side

PLIERSTo grip objects and in various types such as:

Combination slip joint Side cutting pliers (cable cutting) Round nose pliers Curve needle nose pliers (to pick pins) Gripping pliers ( for holding objects together

during welding operation etc)

FILES

SAWS :

DRILL BITSMade of high carbon steels for drilling holes

in object can be straight shank or tapered shank drills.

Dull cutting edge can be sharpened using the grinder.

Function of drift and drilling sleeve for tapered drill bits.

Use of coolant in drilling operation

Tapered shank drill

shank

Cutting edge

Other tools and power toolsTap and dieCounter sunkReamersScrapersSnipsanvilGrinderHand drillLathe tools;(turning tools, chamfering tools, boring

tools ,parting tools, facing tools and thread cutting tools

Equipment Lathe Drilling machineMilling machineShaping machineArc welderGas welding apparatus

Wood working, Concrete and masonry, Iron working, Blacksmithing, Welding, Cutting and brazing.

Wood working Soft Hardwood Economic value of timber

(i) Cheap(ii) Availability

(iii) Easy to work on

(iv) Light to transport (v) High salvage value (vi) Non conductor of heat and electicity

Wood classification: Exogenous trees Endogenous trees

Seasoning of TimberThis is the process of drying timber or

removing moisture or sap present in freshly felled trees under controlled conditions.

(i) Artificial seasoning or kiln seasoning

(ii) Natural seasoning or air seasoning

Defects of Timber Defects occurring during growth of a tree. Defects occurring after felling of a tree.

Preservation of Timber;

Chemical preservatives are used Tar oils Water soluble chemical salts Organic solvent chemicals

Method of application of preservatives; Brush and spraying method Dipping or soaking method for 7days(steeping process)

to attain chemical penetration of 3mm to 6mm. Pressure treatment( preservatives is injected to the

timber by pressure in a airtight steel containers called autoclave

Adhesives used in Carpentry Animal glue Resin glue

Saw( rip, cross cut, panel ,bow, jack, tenon and dowel tail) Chisels axe

Plaining toolsBoring toolsStriking toolsHolding toolsOther tools

screw driverpincersrasp and filescraperglass paperOil stone

Carpentry joints Lap joints

T-lap joints Dovetail lap joint Corner- lap joint Cross-lap joint

Mitre joint Butt joint Mortise joint

Repair and maintenance of tractors and machineryIdentification of component of farm tractor

TractorEngine (Engine block) 1-3-4-2-fuel tank-fuel pump-fuel filters –primary and secondary once in

fortnight-fuel pipesInjector pumpNozzlesFan belt-fan blade –sucks in air to cool the radiator-pulley

Water pump (passage for water)Radiator and cap –temporal storageHoseAir cleaner-wet type-filament or filterLubricationDip stickOil (SEA 40)Engine oil sumpPassage for oilEngine oil sump pump

Oil filterStarterAlternatorBattery (240DC) –wet or dry cellSolenoid SwitchTerminal Exposed terminalTransmissionWheel : steering –front wheel and rear wheelsGear sticks –power steering hydraulic systemGear trainsPedals- independent brake

clutch-accelerator-left hand lever-clutch plate-clutch disk-gear trainFinal drive PTO shaftRear wheelsHydraulic ramTop links and two lower linksDraw bar (trailer)Hydraulic outputCheck chainUniversal shaft

DAILY CARE OF TRACTORCheck the Cooling System. Remove the radiator cap and check the level of the coolant If the level is below 5cm firm the neck of the radiator refill the radiators to

about 5cm of the radiator neck. Check for leaks about radiator, radiator hoses and hose clamps Remove trash collected on front of radiator screen

Check the crankcase oil level Check oil level position- don’t’ check the oil level while the tractors is

running. Add oil it needed: it is extremely important that you use a clean container

and clean oil if you want the tractors to continue to give good service.

Check the Battery Check to see the cables use firmly connected to the terminate Check the electrolyte level of each cell-add distilled water if necessary. Check for corrosion on the battery terminals: clean if necessary. Check the hold down clap, clamp firm it lose.

1. Check the Tyres:• Check the tyres for the right pressure recommended

by the manufacturers.• Check side walls for cuts or breaks• Check treads for nails, stones etc.

2. Check fuel level: Add if necessary3. Check the fuel system

• Check hose for leaks• For diesel fuel system, check for drain cock on:

4. Bottom of fuel tank5. Bottom of first fitter6. Top of sediment bowl. Open and drain about 1 pint of

fuel to make certain that water and sediment are removed.

7. Lubricant with grease is not daily job but carry it out as regularly as recommended by the manufacturer.

8. Make sure your cloths are free from tears bulging pockets, flayed edges and heavy cutts. Also wear shoes with heels and tight soles.

9. Check miscellaneous items: water for loose nuts bents brachets that need straightening worm parts that need replacing, loose or worn fan belts loose wheel etc. starting a Diesel type engine:

IMPLEMENT MAINTANANCEThe tractor driver is responsible for opening

implements or machine which he used with or tractor.All implements or machines titled with grease implies

regaire grease twice daily or every 5hrs.The oil level in gear boxes of P.T.O or pulley drives

replacement or machine should be checked twice daily.

All nuts and bolts should be checks for tightens twice daily.

All tyre pressure should be checked dailyAdjustment of rubber belts or P.T.O drivers

implements should be checked daily.The hoses and nozzles of sprayer must be checked

frequently when in use for leaks or blockages.

The coupling and adjustment of 3 pt linkages1.Leveling aim2.Lift aim3.Check chain4.Draft control level: soil engaging implement5.Position control level: for min engagement implement.

Materials used in manufacturing products

Materials used in manufacturing products METALS Ferrous metals Non-ferrous metal WOOD (TIMBER) Soft woods Hard woods PLASTICS Thermosetting plastics Thermo   Metals Ferrous metals contain iron as the main constituent. Such metals are pig iron, cast iron, wrought

iron, steel e.t.c. -Pig iron (crude form of iron) is used as a raw material for the production of various other ferrous

metals (such as cast iron, wrought iron and steel). It is obtained by melting iron ores in a blast furnace at a temperature of 1500C.

  Non ferrous metals contain metal other than iron as the main constituent e. g aluminium, copper,

zinc, lead, brass, tin