Famous QuoteFamous Quote

• "There's a new telephone service that lets you test your IQ over the phone. It costs $3.95 a minute. If you make the call at all, you're a moron. If you're on the line for three minutes, you're a complete idiot."

Jay Leno

ChemistryChemistryMicrobiology

Definition of ChemistryDefinition of Chemistry

• Chemistry is the science of the interaction between atoms and molecules

• Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living organisms.

Periodic Table of the ElementsPeriodic Table of the Elements

Parts of the AtomParts of the Atom

1. Protons2. Neutrons3. Electrons

electron

neutron

proton

Periodic Table of the ElementsPeriodic Table of the Elements

Five Major Elements in HumansFive Major Elements in Humans

Oxygen O 65%Carbon C 19%Hydrogen H 10%Nitrogen N 3%Calcium Ca 2%

Trace ElementsFe, Zn, Mg, Cu 1%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1H He

Hydrogen

Helium

2Li Be B C N O F Ne

LithiumBerylliu

mBoron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

3Na Mg Al Si P S Cl ArSodium

Magnesium

Aluminum

SiliconPhosphor

usSulfur

Chlorine

Argon

4K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Potassium

CalciumScandiu

mTitanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium

Germanium

Arsenic SeleniumBromin

eKrypton

5Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I XeRubidiu

mStrontiu

mYttrium Zirconium Niobium

Molybdenum

Technetium

Ruthenium

RhodiumPalladiu

mSilver

Cadmium

Indium TinAntimon

yTellurium Iodine Xenon

6Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

7Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uu

nUuu

Uub

Francium

RadiumUnnilquadi

umUnnilpenti

umUnnilhexiu

mUnnilsepti

umUnnilocti

umUnnilenni

umUnunnili

umUnununi

umUnunbiu

m

* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb LuLanthanum Cerium

Praseodymium

Neodymium

Promethium

SamariumEuropiu

mGadolini

umTerbium

Dysprosium

Holmium Erbium ThuliumYtterbiu

mLutetium

** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No LrActinium Thorium

Protactinium

UraniumNeptuniu

mPlutonium

Americium

CuriumBerkeliu

mCaliforni

umEinsteini

umFermium

Mendelevium

Nobelium

Lawrencium

Element Groups (Families)

Alkali Earth Alkaline Earth

Transition Metals

Rare Earth Other Metals Metalloids

Non-Metals Halogens Noble Gases

Grouping Within the Periodic TableGrouping Within the Periodic Table

Dimitri MendeleevDimitri Mendeleev

IsotopesIsotopes

Isotopes result when an element has a varying number of neutrons resulting

in unexpected atomic weights.

Isotopes can be radioisotopes, be stable, or exhibit other properties.

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

1. Physical Properties

Observed and measured without changing the identity of the matter. (Boiling Point, Color)

2. Chemical Properties

Describe a substances ability to change into a new substance as the result of a chemical change. (Rusting, Corrosion)

Pauli Exclusion PrinciplePauli Exclusion Principle

• No two electrons can occupy the same orbital layer and have the same spin orientation.

MoleculesMolecules

• Molecules are made up of two or more atoms.

• Atoms form molecules to fill their outermost electron shells or orbitals.

• Chemical bonds bind the atoms together.

Chemical BondingChemical Bonding

• Valency refers to the number of chemical bonds the atom can form with other atoms – its combining capacity.

• Valence electrons refer to the number of electrons the atom must gain or lose.

• Octet Rule says that atoms are more stable when the outer shell is full.

Bond TypesBond Types

Molecular Mass and MolesMolecular Mass and Moles

• Molecular Mass it the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.

• A mole is equal to this mass expressed as grams.

• 1 mole = 1 GFM = 6.02 X 1023 units = 22.4 dm3

Bond Formation Requires EnergyBond Formation Requires Energy

• Chemical reactions make and break bonds.

• A change of energy occurs during chemical reactions.

• Endothermic vs Exothermic

Types of Chemical ReactionsTypes of Chemical Reactions

• Synthesis / Direct Combination

• Decomposition / Analysis

• Single Replacement

• Double Replacement

Sample EquationSample Equation

Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) 2Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)

ReactantProductYields to GiveCoefficientSubscript(s) (g) (aq) (l)Arrows

How Chemical Reactions OccurHow Chemical Reactions Occur

• Reactants must collide with one another.

• Activation Energy in the minimum collision energy required.

• Joules / Types of Energy

• Energy and Mass are Related

• E = mc2 by Albert Einstein

• Enzymes lower activation energy.

You Should Know How To:• Identify Types of Reactions• Signs and Symbols in Chemical Reactions• Figure Molecular Mass• Figure Percent Composition

Chemistry SkillsChemistry Skills

Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds

Water

Acids, Bases, Salts

WaterWater

• 98% Body Mass

• Polar Molecule

• Solvent

• Reactant / Decomposition Reactions

• Cohesive Properties

• Surface Tension

• Temperature Buffer

• Thermal Conductance

Water in LifeWater in Life

• Water makes up 50 to 90 percent of the weight of living things.

• Protoplasm is a solution of water and fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts.

• Water transports, combines, and chemically breaks down these substances.

• Water also aids the metabolic breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates.

So You Go Into A Restaurant…What Is One of the First Thing

They Bring You?

A Glass of Water! Why?

One glass of water shuts down midnight hunger pangs for almost 100% of the dieters studied in a

University study.

Lack of water is the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue.

Preliminary research indicates that 8-10 glasses of water a day could significantly ease back and joint pain for up to 80% of sufferers.

A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory,

trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on the computer

screen.

Drinking 5 glasses of water daily decreases the risk of colon cancer by

45%, plus it can slash the risk of breast cancer by 79%, and one is 50% less likely to develop bladder cancer.

• Water is one of the most essential elements to good health.• It is necessary for the digestion and absorption of food• It helps maintain proper muscle tone.• It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cells.• It rids the body of wastes and serves as a natural air

conditioning system. • Health officials emphasize the importance of drinking at

least eight glasses of clean water each and every day to maintain good health.

Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Acid H+ and anions

• Base OH- and cations

• Salt Other anions and cations

2HCl 2H+ + Cl2

NaOH Na + OH-

2NaCl 2Na + Cl2

pH = -log[H+]

Why is pH Important?

• When pH goes off microbes in the body can change shape, mutate, become pathogenic, constructive enzymes turn destructive, oxygen delivery to cells suffer, mineral assimilation can getthrown off and organs of your body can become compromised, like yourheart or brain.

• The pH balance of the human bloodstream is recognized by all medical physiology texts as one of the most important biochemicalbalances in all of human body chemistry.

• All biochemical reactions andelectrical (life) energy are under pH control.

• The higher (more alkaline) the pH of a substance or solution, the more electrical resistance that substance or solution holds. Therefore, electricity (and the nerve impulse) travels slower with higher pH.

Is Your pH Off Balance?Is Your pH Off Balance?• Rings Turn Fingers Green

• Heartburn

• Bloating

• Belching

• Feeling Full after Eating Small Amounts

• Insomnia

• Water Retention

• Migraines

• Constipation

• Diarrhea

• Fatigue

• Burning Sensation on Tongue or in Mouth

• Halitosis

“Modern agriculture and food-preservation methods have done serious damage to the human diet. The detrimental effects on the human body caused by acidic wastes from processed food and chemical additives are myriad. Byproducts of the foods we eat, acidic wastes are the common denominator in all degenerative diseases. When acidic wastes accumulate, they can cause organs to malfunction and degenerate. Balancing the body's acid-alkaline pH factor is a dynamic way to improve health. “

Felicia Drury Kliment

pH BufferpH Buffer

• Stabilized the pH inside a cell

• Is added to culture media to improve bacterial growth

• Blood is filled with buffers to resist changes in pH

CO2 + H2O(Blood) HCO3-1

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

• Contain Carbon and Hydrogen

• Carbon Forms up to Four Bonds

• Covalently Bonded

• Large Molecules

General InformationGeneral Information

• Living Cells Synthesize Organic Molecules

1. Functional Group Transfer

2. Electron Transfer

3. Rearrangement

4. Condensation

5. Cleavage

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrates are used as structural materials, transportable forms of energy, or storage forms of energy

Important In:

1. Synthesis of Amino Acids

2. Synthesis of Fats

3. Function as Food Reserves

4. Fuel Cell Activities

Monosaccharide

Formation of a Disaccharide -- Sucrose

A Disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides bond together.

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

• 10’s - 100’s of Bonded Monosaccharides• Starch• Glycogen• Cellulose• Not Normally Sweet• Amylases Break these

Bonds

Termites contain bacteria in their stomachs and consume fungi that produce enzymes called cellulases that digest the cellulose in wood.

Sample Carbohydrates -- CHSample Carbohydrates -- CH22OO(Note that in Carbohydrates, carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen occur in a 1:2:1 ratio)

Sugars, Starches and Cellulose Comprise the Majority of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates often occur as Isomers

Isomers – Glucose and Fructose

C6H12O6 C6H12O6

Uses for CarbohydratesUses for Carbohydrates

Lipids are nonpolar hydrocarbons used more for intermediate term and long term energy stores, structural materials (cellular components in plants and membranes in animal cells), and signaling molecules.

• C6H12O6

LipidsLipidsLong Term (Y2K) Energy StorageLong Term (Y2K) Energy Storage

LipidsLipids

• Excess Carbs are Converted to Lipids Because both are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

• Nonpolar

• Are the Building Blocks of Cell Membranes

• Allow for Information Transfer Through Hormones

• Energy Storage Units (Fats)

CompositionComposition

• They consist of fats (1-3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol unit), phospholipids (glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, a hydrophilic head that contains a phosphate group and a polar group, and a hydrophobic tail), sterols (lipids with no fatty acids, have a backbone of four fused-together carbon rings), and waxes (long chain fatty acids taightly packed and linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings).

Formation of a TriglycerideFormation of a Triglyceride

Simple lipids are fats or triglycerides – contain an alcohol called glycerol and at least one fatty acid.

Fat cells -- note nucleus and rim of cytoplasm pushed to one side by the accumulation of fat. The lipid itself has been dissolved out in fixation. In the center of the picture, in the space bounded by the four large fat cells, there is a small, round cross-cut of a capillary with a dark, shrunken red blood cell inside.

Fat is formed when a molecule of glycerol combines with 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid molecules.

Fat Cells

Capillary with Blood Cell Inside

Polar End Toward Water / Nonpolar End on InsidePolar End Toward Water / Nonpolar End on Inside

SteroidsSteroids

1. Usually 4 carbon rings fused together.

2. These are lipids that have no fatty acids.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are man-made substances related to male sex hormones.

Can be taken orally or injected, typically in cycles of weeks or months.

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

• Atherosclerosis (ath"er-o-skleh-RO'sis) comes from the Greek words athero (meaning gruel or paste) and sclerosis (hardness). It's the name of the process in which deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and other substances build up in the inner lining of an artery. This buildup is called plaque. It usually affects large and medium-sized arteries.

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

1 is the Lumen Opening

2 is Plaque (Fat)

3 is Artery Wall

Nearly 5 million Americans are living with heart failure, and 550,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.

Picture A shows atherosclerotic deposits in coronary arteries, which reduce blood flow and impair oxygen and nutrient supply to millions of heart muscle cells. The coronary arteries of patients with angina pectoris typically look like this.

Picture B shows the coronary arteries of a patient who died from a heart attack. On top of the atherosclerotic deposits, a blood clot formed which completely interrupted the blood flow through this artery. This is called a heart attack. Millions of heart muscle cells die off, leaving the heart muscle permanently impaired or leading to the death of the patient.

Leading Cause of Atherosclerosis?Leading Cause of Atherosclerosis?

Waxes Waxes are long chain fatty acids tightly packed and linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.

Wax secretions are often found on Wax secretions are often found on fruit and keep bird feathers dry.fruit and keep bird feathers dry.

Wax allows bees to build honeycomb.Wax allows bees to build honeycomb.

Saturated and Unsaturated FatsSaturated and Unsaturated Fats

• Saturated fat is generally solid at room temperature and it's usually from animal sources.

• It's found in lard, butter, hard margarine, cheese, whole milk and anything these ingredients are used in, such as cakes, chocolate, biscuits, pies and pastries.

• It's also the white fat you can see on red meat and underneath poultry skin.

• The less saturated fat you eat, the better - a high intake has been linked with an increased risk of coronary heart disease.

ProteinsProteins

ProteinsProteins• Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

(Sulfur)• Compose 50% of the Dry Weight of Living Organisms• Proteins function in nutrition, transportation, immunity, and

signaling. • Sample Functions

1. Structure Hair, Fingernails, Cell Walls2. Transport Hemoglobin3. Regulatory Protein Hormones4. Catalysis Enzymes5. Locomotion Muscles

Proteins are made up of amino acids therefore you often hear

that the Building Blocks of Proteins are Amino Acids.

Amino Acid with Alpha CarbonAmino Acid with Alpha Carbon

Amino acids consists of an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atoms, and an R group. The R group is simply a hydrocarbon chain of any length.

SterioisomersSterioisomers

• Polypeptide bonds form between amino acids to form polypeptide chains.

• Amino acid sequence is primary protein structure.

• The secondary structure is the bonding pattern of the amino acids (e.g. helix, sheet, etc.).

• The tertiary structure consists of the domain, where the sheets or helixes fold on each other and become stable.

• The quaternary structure consists of several polypeptide chains that form advanced proteins such as human leukocyte antigens.

Denaturation of ProteinsDenaturation of Proteins

High-protein diets have become a popular way to lose weight because emerging research has hinted that protein may be able to satisfy hunger better than either fats or carbohydrates.

We need protein at all stages of life, for a variety of bodily functions.

However, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is 56 grams a day for men and 46 grams a day for women.

This explains why protein is not on the base of the food pyramid. Carbohydrates are there because they provide energy for all our body processes.

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides (sugar, one phosphate group, and a Nitrogen containing base).

The different nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, and they are used in storage and retrieval of heritable information.

Function in energy Currency as ATP

Function in Information Transfer as Nucleic Acids

Built from Building Blocks Called Nucleotides

Nitrogenous BasesNitrogenous Bases

1. Adenine

2. Thymine

3. Cytosine

4. Guanine

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

• CDP 1 Cytosine + 2 Phosphates

• GMP ?

• ATP ?

Classification of Nitrogenous Classification of Nitrogenous BasesBases

• Purine

1. Double Ring Structure

2. Adenine & Guanine

• Pyrimidine

1. Single Ring Structure

2. Thymine & Urasil & Cytosine

Sugars (Pentose)Sugars (Pentose)

• Ribose (RNA)

• Deoxyribose (DNA)

The two pentose sugars in DNA and RNA differ only in the presence of one oxygen atom at one position. DNA lacks it and is more stable because of this. RNA has it and is less stable.

DNA DNA MoleculeMolecule

RNARNA

• Single Stranded

• Backbone of Ribose and Phosphate

• Rungs

1. Adenine

2. Urasil

3. Guanine

4. Cytosine

Types of RNATypes of RNA

• Messenger RNA

- Directs the incorporation of amino acids

into proteins.

• Ribosomal RNA

- Forms ribosomes.

• Transfer RNA

- Brings Amino Acids to the ribosomal site for

incorporation into proteins.

PlusPlusIn addition to the carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, we also need minerals (inorganic compounds) and vitamins (organic compounds) in varying amounts.