EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

(1491 - 1700)

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Native Americans– Small Settlements - Plains– Larger Societies - Northeast (Iroquois) &

Southwest (Pueblos)

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Cultures of Central and South America (Aztecs and Incas)

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Europe Moves Towards Exploration– Technology - compass, astrolabe, gun powder– Religion - Protestant Reformation/Counter

Reformation– Catholic Spain (1492) - Ferdinand and Isabella– Expanding Trade - Arabs– Developing Nations (Nation/States) - Spain,

France, England, Portugal, Dutch

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Early Explorations (Spain)– Christopher Columbus

Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Early Explorations (Spain)– Amerigo Vespucci (Spain…later Portugal)

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Dividing the New World – Papal Line of Demarcation– Treaty of Tordesillas

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Spain (Gold, Trade, Spread Christianity, introduced slavery)– Balboa, – Ponce de Leon–Magellan– Cortes– Pizarro– de Soto– Coronado

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• England– John Cabot (1497)– Queen Elizabeth I• Sir Francis Drake• Sir Walter Raleigh - Roanoke, NC

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• France– Cartier, Champlain, Marquette and Jolliet– Canada– LaSalle - Louisiana

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Dutch (NY and Canada)• Henry Hudson – The Half Moon - Manhattan– “patroon system” - to populate NA– no political or religious problems in the

Netherlands

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• English Settlements – 1588 – overpopulated – depression – poverty – adventure – willing

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Jamestown (1607) - for economic profit, Virginia Company – problems - Indians, famine, disease– tobacco - John Rolfe, John Smith– 1619 - indentured servants from Africa– Royal Colony (1624) - Virginia Company went

bankrupt

Jamestown

Jamestown

Jamestown (today)

Jamestown (today)

Pocahontas

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Puritan Colonies– Religious motivation– Church of England - pre-destination, total

depravity of man

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Plymouth - Virginia Company of London– Captain Miles Standish and Governor William

Bradford– Fish, furs, lumber

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Massachusetts Bay Colony - Puritans (1630)– religious freedom - Charles I (Catholic)– John Winthrop, Puritans, Great Migration

(slowed during the English Civil War)

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Political Institutions (Traditions)– Majority rule in Plymouth - Mayflower Compact– Representative government in Jamestown - House

of Burgesses– Representative government in Mass. - male,

Puritan Church– Limited democracy - colonial governors often

answered only to kings & colonial agents represented a colony’s interest in England

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

• Spanish Settlements in North America– Florida– New Mexico– Texas– California

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

(1607 - 1750)

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Three Types of Charters (document granting special privileges)– Corporate colonies - (joint-stock companies) -

Virginia until 1624– Royal colonies - direct rule of king’s government -

royal governors– Proprietary colonies - under authority of

individuals by the king - PA, MD

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Chesapeake Colonies– Maryland - 1632 - Charles I to George Calvert

(Cecil Calvert) – “Lord Baltimore”• haven for Catholics • Act of Toleration - religious freedom for Christians• Protestant Revolt - Catholics lost their right to vote -

late 1600s

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Virginia– Economic Problems - low tobacco prices– Political problems• Sir William Berkeley (1641-1652) & (1660-1677)• Nathaniel Bacon - small farmer vs. Plantation

– 1676 attacked Indians on the frontier– defeated governors forces and burned Jamestown– Lasting Problems– small farmer vs. Plantation– resistance to royal control

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Labor Shortages - Tobacco– Indentured Servants– Headright System - attracted immigrants with 50

acres– Slavery - by the 1660s

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Development of New England • Puritans– Rhode Island (1644)– Roger Williams - Providence (1636) - religious toleration -

separation of church and state– Anne Hutchinson - Portsmouth (1638)

• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker - Hartford (1636)– 1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - first written

constitution• New Hampshire (1679) - part of Massachusetts

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Halfway Covenant - theocracy to separation of church and state

• New England Confederation (1643-1684)• King Philip’s War (1675-1676) - Metacom

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Restoration Colonies (1660 Charles II)– Carolinas (1663) - Nobles were granted charters

for helping Charles II• North Carolina - Tobacco• South Carolina - Charleston, slaves

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• New York (1664) - New Amsterdam– Duke of York (James II)– Peter Stuyvesant

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• New Jersey (1702) – Lord John Berkeley – Sir George Carteret (1664)

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Pennsylvania (1681)– Quakers– equality, nonviolence, personal religious authority– persecuted in England– William Penn – “The Holy Experiment”- diverse colony

• freedom of religion• unrestricted immigration• advertised throughout Europe

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Delaware (1702) - lower three counties of PA

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Georgia (1732) - James Oglethorpe– buffer from Florida– debtor colony– no alcohol– no slavery– silk production

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Mercantilism and the Empire - 1.) ready market 2.) regulate trade 3.) resources – Acts of Trade and Navigation - “Navigation Acts”

(1650-1673)– English or colonial-built ships– imported goods must pass through English ports– goods could only be exported to England– Enforcement of the Acts – varied - Smuggling

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Impact on the Colonies– Positive• New England shipbuilding• Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly• Protection from French and Spanish

– Negative• colonial manufacturing was limited• low prices for Chesapeake farmers• high prices for English manufactured goods

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Brief Experiment: The Dominion of New England (1686)– James II – Sir Edmund Andros– 1688 William and Mary

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

• Slavery - 2/5 of southern population 1770s – Increased demand for slaves– scarcity of labor– dependable workforce– cheap labor– Slave laws - for life, no rights– Triangular Trade (Middle Passage) - rum, slaves,

sugar/molasses

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Population Growth (1700 - 250,000…1775 - 2,500,000) (Phila. 40,000, NYC, Boston)– European Immigrants– Great Britain - Wales, Scotland, Ireland, England -

Scots Irish (Western parts of colonies)– Western Europe - Huguenots (France)– Central Europe - Moravians, Mennonites,

Dunkards, Germans (PA Dutch)– Africans - 1775 - 20 % of colonial population

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Colonial Society– General Characteristics• English Culture• Self-government• Religious toleration• No hereditary aristocracy• Social mobility

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• The Family– men - landowners, politics– women - household work, were needed in the

work force…this earned them more respect than their European counterparts

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• The Economy - “putting-out system”, England restricted textile manufacturing and hats, wool, and iron– New England - subsistence farming, ship building, fishing,

trading, logging, rum– Middle colonies - trade, iron, farming– Southern colonies - large plantations, cash crops, rice,

indigo, tar– Monetary system - limited gold and silver (hard currency)– Transportation - via water (Phila, NY, Boston, and Charleston)

…Piracy, Profiteering

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Religion - Presbyterians, Lutheran, Mennonites, Quakers…Catholics did not receive equal rights as Protestants…Jews worked in trade and business– Protestant Dominance• Anglicans - became the Episcopal Church after the

Revolution• Congregationalists - successors to the Puritans

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• The Great Awakening - early 1700… sermons in Protestant churches were long intellectual discourses…,1730s fervent expressions of religious feelings– Jonathan Edwards - started the Great Awakening -

Northampton, Mass– George Whitefield - traveled throughout the colonies

spreading the GA– Religious impact - increased religious diversity - new sects,

Baptists and Methodists– Political influence - common experience, question authority

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Cultural Life– Arts and Science– Architecture - Georgian Style (Brick, symmetrical,

two fireplaces)– Painting • Benjamin West, John Copley, Gilbert Stewart• historical scenes and portraits after revolution

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Literature– William Bradford, John Winthrop, Anne Bradstreet– religion and politics– Cotton Mather - minister– Jonathan Edwards - minister– Wonders of the Invisible World - witches– Noah Webster - spelling book– Thomas Jefferson - Library of Congress– Benjamin Franklin - Poor Richard’s Almanac,

autobiography

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Music – Psalms, ballads, tavern songs– “Bay Psalm Book” - hymn book– Moravians were known for their music

• Dance - minuets, jigs, and country dances

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Science – John Bartram - botanical garden– Benjamin Franklin - electricity, bifocals,…– Astronomy - David Rittenhouse, John Winthrop IV, Ezra

Stiles– European scientists were interested in NA plants and

animals– Cotton Mather

• plant hybridization• Newtonian physics• collected bones and plants

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Education– New England - Puritans - eventually tax supported

schools• literacy to read the Bible • primary and grammar schools

– Middle Colonies - church sponsored or private schools

– Southern colonies - parents and tutors

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Higher Education - Latin and Greek– Harvard 1636 - Puritans– William and Mary 1694 - Anglicans

• George Wythe taught law• Phi Beta Kappa was founded

– Yale 1701 - Congregationalists– College of New Jersey (Princeton) 1746 - Presbyterian ***– King’s College (Columbia) 1754 - Anglican ***– Rhode Island College (Brown) 1764 - Baptist ***– College of Philadelphia (Penn) - 1765 (Medical School)– Queens College (Rutgers) 1766 - Dutch Reformed ***– Dartmouth College 1769 - Congregationalist ***

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Professions– Physicians - cures were worse than the ailment– Lawyers - John Adams, James Otis, Patrick Henry

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• The Press– Newspapers (1725 - 5, 1776 - 40, 1790 - >100)– John Peter Zenger - freedom of the press?• criticized NY’s royal governor• libel• Alexander Hamilton was his attorney• jury acquitted Zenger

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Rural Folkways - card playing, horse-racing, theater going (patriotic dramas)

• National Character

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Politics– Structure of Government• eight royal colonies (NH, MA, NY, NJ, VA, NC, SC, & GA)

king appt. governor• three proprietary colonies (MD, PA, DE) proprietor

appt. governor• CT, RI - popular vote for governor

– Local government - NE “town meeting”– Voting - not much of a democracy - colonial

assemblies dealt with finances

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Empires at War– Three Wars - Against France and Spain in the New

World• King William’s War (1689 - 1697) • Queen Anne’s War (1702 - 1713)• King George’s War (1744 - 1748)

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• The French and Indian War (1754 - 1763)– Beginning of the War - French forts in the Ohio

River Valley• Fort Duquesne• George Washington – Fort Necessity

– Albany Plan of Union - Benjamin Franklin• collect taxes• raise a militia

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• British Victory - French Canada and Spanish Florida– Peace of Paris– French power in North America ended

• Effects - Colonists did not have to fear concerted attacks by…– French– Spanish – Indians

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• British View - no respect for colonists (military & $)

• Colonial View - proud of themselves - little respect for British leadership

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Reorganization of the British Empire - no more salutary neglect, wars were costly– Pontiac’s Rebellion - Chief Pontiac attacked western

colonial settlements, British troops were sent in– Proclamation of 1763 - no colonists west of the

Appalachians• angered colonists• British hoped to solve the Indian problems before opening

the frontier• colonists wanted the benefits of winning the French and

Indian War

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• British Actions and Colonial Reactions– New Revenues and Regulations– Sugar Act (1764) - never repealed– Quartering Act (1765)

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Stamp Act (1765) - direct tax - legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements– Patrick Henry - House of Burgesses, no taxation w/o

representation– James Otis - Stamp Act Congress - colonists speaking

with one voice - nine colonies– Sons and Daughters of Liberty - intimidate tax agents -

tar and feather - mob violence concerned the colonial aristocrats

– boycotts proved to be the most effective form of protest

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Declaratory Act (1766) - repealed Stamp Act - “Parliament has the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Second Phase of the Crisis (1767 - 1773)– Townshend Acts (1767 - 1770) - indirect tax - tea,

glass, and paper and the right to search colonial homes• John Dickinson - Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer• Samuel Adams and James Otis - the Massachusetts

Circular Letter

– Repeal of the Townshend Acts (1770) - Lord Frederick North

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Boston Massacre (March 1770) - Samuel Adams called it a “Massacre”– British soldiers killed five - Crispus Attucks– John Adams defended the British and they were

acquitted - this showed the right for everyone to have a fair trial

– some commentaries say…• spontaneous event• staged event• colonists feared the British even more

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Renewal of the Conflict– Gaspee Affair • Burned by the colonists in Rhode Island• Britain wanted accused brought to England for trial

– Boston Tea Party - Tea Act (1773) - British East India Company

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST

• Intolerable Acts - reaction to the Boston Tea Party– Coercive Acts (1774)

• Port Bill - closed Boston Harbor• Massachusetts Government Act• Administration of Justice Act• Quartering Act (expanded) - private homes

– Quebec Act (1774)• Roman Catholicism official religion• extended Quebec’s boundary• no representative assembly