Post on 11-Aug-2020
Evolution of massive binary stars
Norbert Langer (Bonn University)
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 1
mass ↑ −→ our ignorance ⇑
G stars√
low chance to bebinary productMoe
√
M ≃ 0√
high internal
stability (β = 1)√
B fields ubiquitous
O stars√
high chance to bebinary productSana
√
self-evaporate√
at verge ofinstability
(β → 0)√
B fields sporadicAlecian
massive stars are so relevant√
SNe, GRBs, NSs, BHs√
determine state of ISM√
dominate chemical evolution
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 2
Rotational mixing: early BV stars
Brott, Evans, Hunter et al. 2011, A&A, 530, A116
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 3
Overshooting: Galactic sHRD
600 stars: distance- and reddening-independent
Castro, Fossati, Langer, Simon-Diaz, Schneider, Izzard, 2014, A&A, 570, L13
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 4
Mass loss rates
Bestenlehner, Gräfener, Vink et al., A&A 570, A38Gräfener, Vink, de Koter, Langer, 2011, A&A, 535, A56
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 5
Binary evolution
√
tides√
mass transfer√
common envelopeevolution
√
merger
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 6
Tidal friction
Massive stars: radiative envelopes⇒ radiative damping → dynamical tide Zahn 1975, A&A, 41, 329
But: (shear-induced) turbulent viscosity maydominate
Toledano, Moreno, Koenigsberger, Detmers, Langer 2007, A&A, 461, 1057Moreno, Koenigsberger, Toledano, 2005, A&A, 437, 641
→ closer to tides in convective envelopes Zahn 1977, A&A, 57, 383
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 7
Tidally dominated MS evolution
de Mink, Cantiello, Langer, Pols, Brott, Yoon, 2009, A&A, 497, 243
massive merging BHs! de Mink, Mandel, 2016, MNRAS, 460, 3545Marchant, Langer, Podsiadlowski, Tauris, Moriya, 2016, A&A, 588, A50
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 8
Tidal spin-up of WR stars
Detmers, Langer, Podsiadlowski, Izzard 2008, A&A, 484, 831
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 9
Mass transfer: rejuvenation?
Petrovic, Langer, van der Hucht, 2005, A&A, 435, 1013
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 10
Spin-up!
de Mink, Langer, Izzard, Sana, de Koter, 2013, ApJ, 764, 166ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 11
Spin-up!
Ramirez-Agudelo, Sana, de Mink, et al., 2015, A&A, 580, A92
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 12
Mass stripping → SNe Ibc
Yoon, Woosley, Langer, 2010, ApJ, 725, 940
Goetberg
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 13
Merger: > 20%: where are they?
e�ectivelysingle
envelopestrippingenvelopestripping
merge
accretion & spin up or CE
accretion & spin up or CE
~29%
~24%
~14%
~33%
Sana, de Mink, Koter, Langer, et al., 2012, Science, 337, 444
Ohlmann et al., in prep.Glebbeek, Gaburov, Portegies Zwart, Pols, 2013, MNRAS, 434, 3497
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 14
HD 148937 O6.5f?p: a smoking gun?
Langer, 2012, ARAA, 50, 107Leitherer, Chavarria-K., 1987, A&A, 175, 208
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 15
Merger productsMS merger: blue stragglers Mathieu
Petermann, Langer, Castro, Fossati, 2015, A&A, 584, A54Schneider, Podsiadlowski, Langer, Castro, Fossati, MNRAS, 2016 457, 2355
post-MS merger: blue supergiant
Justham, Podsiadlowski, Vink, 2014, ApJ, 796, 121Braun, Langer, 1995, A&A, 297, 483
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 16
B-field decay
Fossati, Schneider, Castro, Langer, Simon-Diaz, Mueller, de Koter, Morel, Petit, Sana, Wade, 2016, A&A, 592, A84ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 17
B-field decay: mass dependent
Potter, Chitre, Tout, 2012, MNRAS, 424, 2358Fossati+ 2016
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 18
Common envelope evolution: models
established for low-mass stars (CVs, ...)not much known for massive stars ...
√
theoretically, even low mass CE ejection difficult
Ohlmann, Röpke, Pakmor, Springel, 2016, ApJ, 816, L9Clayton, Podsiadlowski, Ivanova, Justham, arXiv170508457
√
massive stars: unclear core/envelope boundaryenvelope binding could be large, but also verysmall (LBV) Kruckow, Tauris, Langer, Szecsi, Marchant, Podsiadlowski, 2016, A&A, 596, A58
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 19
Common envelope evolution:observations
CEE occurs in massive binaries!√
15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with Porbit < 1.2 d
Antoniadis, Breton, Champion, ApJ, arXiv:1706.09438Tauris, Kramer, Freire, Wex, Janka, Langer, Podsiadlowski, Bozzo, Chaty, Kruckow, van den Heuvel,
√
ultra-stripped supernovae Tauris, Langer, Podsiadlowski, 2015, A&A, 451, 2123
√
LMBHBs? Fragos, McClintock, 2015, ApJ, 800, 17
√
However: no CEE in Galactic WR binaries!Shara, Crawford, Vanbeveren, Moffat, Zurek, Crause, 2017, MNRAS, 464, 2066
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 20
M − LEddington relation
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 21
M − LEddington relation
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 22
M − LEddington relation
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 23
M − LEddington relation
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 24
Very massive star models
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
log(
L/L ⊙
)
Teff [kK]
60 M⊙
70 M⊙
80 M⊙
100 M⊙
150 M⊙
200 M⊙
300 M⊙
400 M⊙
500 M⊙
HD limit
ZAMS
Köhler, Langer, de Koter, de Mink, et al. 2015, A&A, 573, A71
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 25
Inflation
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
log
dens
ity [g
m/c
c]
Radius [R⊙
]
86.41M⊙
eqb. model, log Teff=4.24 K, log (L/L⊙
)=6.27
Inflated envelope
Menv=10-3 M⊙
Density inversion
Sanyal, Grassitelli, Langer, Bestenlehner, 2015, A&A, 580, A20
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 26
The Galactic sHRD
600 stars: distance- and reddening-independent
Castro, Fossati, Langer, Simon-Diaz, Schneider, Izzard, 2014, A&A, 570, L13
ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 27
Summary
√
stellar models: the higher the mass, the larger theuncertainty
√
uncertainties in single star physics affects binaryevolution model: mixing and mass loss
√
rejuvenation of mass gainers?√
spin-up of mass gainers!√
merger: B-field?√
B-field decay in massive stars√
CE-evolution occurs massive stars√
CE-evolution occurs in VMS?√
VMS: inflation & LBV mass lossESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 28