EPH7112 Research Methodology

CONTENTSCONTENTS

Planning for ResultsGenerating Data/ResultsReporting Results

- Presenting Results- Analyzing Results

Organizing Results

PLANNING FOR RESULTSPLANNING FOR RESULTS

Requires Micro-Level Planning : K-Chart

Results Layer

Results: Performance Parameters

Pressure

Speed

Design Parameters

Acceleration

Tire WidthTire Height

Fuel consumption

Tire Pressure

Tire Width

Method 1

GENERATING GENERATING DATA/RESULTSDATA/RESULTS

Again, use Micro-level planning: K-Chart

Methodology Layers

SimulationExperimentTheory Survey

Lab. Tests

Field Tests

Lab Prototype

Eng. Prototype

Commercial Prototype

Measurement Techn.1

Measurement Techn.2

Measurement Techn.3

TYPES OF DATATYPES OF DATA

DiscreteContinuous

DISCRETE DATADISCRETE DATA

Data which can take only discrete values: Yes or No, Frequency of occurrences, Likert scale

Typically questionnaire based dataFamiliar in social sciencesTypical analysis:

Cross-tabulations Non-parametric tests

CONTINUOUS DATACONTINUOUS DATA

Data which can take any values Typically measured parameters such

as temperature, pressure, weight, height, frequency spectrum

Familiar in sciences and engineering fields

Types of analysis:- Descriptive analysis- Relationship analysis- Comparative analysis- Optimization analysis

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSISDESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS Statistics of the data Typical parameters:

- Max,Min- Mean- Standard deviation, Variance

Mean is mostly used for science and engineering

Although seldomly performed, it’s important to know your data distribution

RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP ANALYSISANALYSIS

Also known as Cause and Effect analysis

Normally presented in the form of a graph of Y versus X

Y is Effect or Performance Parameter (PP), X is Cause or Design Parameter (DP)

Analyze the Trend and Reason

SAMPLE RELATIONSHIP SAMPLE RELATIONSHIP ANALYSISANALYSIS

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSISANALYSIS

Y

X

P1

P2

P3

Y versus X at various P

• P is the different environments/setups

• Be careful when P is another DP

OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION ANALYSISANALYSIS

Important to identify the optimal conditions

Cases when:1. One DP affecting two PPs in contrasting manner2. One PP is affected by two DPs in contrasting manner

OPTIMIZATION CURVES OPTIMIZATION CURVES 11

Identify the operation range of the PPs

Important to determine the optimum operating point as well as the operating range of the DP

Laser Power,P

Laser Stability,S

Laser Current,I

Pmin

Smin

Operating range

IminImax

OPTIMIZATION CURVES OPTIMIZATION CURVES 22

• It is easier to use the DPs in the same units

• Can also have two different units

• DPs are mutually independent

• Used to determine ways to offset each other’s effects

Inflation Rate

Increment of wages of public servants

Goods Productivity

Increment of wages from the existing

Required increment of productivity to compensate the inflation rise due to new higher wages

Inflation rise

Inflation

compensated

REPORTING RESULTS:REPORTING RESULTS:Results Report TemplateResults Report Template

1. Title of project,2. Title of result 3. Graph presentation, 4. Setup parameters, 5. Method of measurement,6. Analysis of Trend, 7. Analysis of Reason, 8. Comparative Analysis (critical review)9. Statement of Achievement of Objective

SAMPLE RESULT REPORTSAMPLE RESULT REPORT1. Title of Project : Analysis of Impairment Factors in Fiber Optic Transmission2. Result Title : Q factor vs PTx3. Index: R3: PP2-DP14. Graph

5. System setup parameterTransmission rate = 2.5G, Dispersion = 16.75 ps/nm.km, Attenuation coefficient =

0.2dB/km, Fibre length = 50km

6. Method of measurement Simulation- Optisys V.4. Taken after the receiver in electrical domain. Q is

calculated value based on eye pattern

Low Transmit Power

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0 -7.0 -8.0 -9.0Transmit Power

Q F

acto

r

Q factor

Stage 1

Stage 2Stage 3

RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE)RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE)7. Analysis of TrendThe reduction of launching power to -7dBm would give an almost similar effect onto Q factor as the attenuation coefficient of 0.34dB/km. Q factor reduces exponentially with launching power reduction. Can be represented by the exponential equations during 3 stages: Stage 1 :0 to -3.0dBm : y = 33.19e-0.21x, Stage 2: -3.0 to -6.0dBm : y = 17.562e-0.23x, Stage 3 : -6.0 to -9.0dBm : y = 8.863e-0.23xQ factor decreases with the steepest curve line for the reduction of launching power from 0 to 3.0dBm. At -7dBm launching power, the Q factor obtained from the simulation result is 5.67864.

8. Analysis of Reason/DiscussionAs power reduces, the difference between signal and noise becomes smaller, thus closing the eye, therefore lower Q. At very low power, signal-independent noise becomes dominant thus the constant Q value (exponential curve). For higher data transmission rate, higher launching power would be required but need to watch out for the non linear effect due to higher power. For low data transmission rate, we can use a lower power laser for cost effective solution.

9. Comparative analysisNothing new

10. Achievement of Objective Objective 1 to analyze the impairment factor in fiber optic transmission

RESULTS REPORT RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE)(CONTINUE)

May combine multiple curves on the same graph if the curves have the same PP and DP

The multiple curves should represent different scenarios/methods

Combined graphs are good for comparative analysis, but can lead to confusion

RESULTS ORGANIZATION RESULTS ORGANIZATION TABLETABLE

CODE NUMBER RESULT TITLE

R1: PP1-DP1 The effect of fiber distance on BER

R2: PP1-DP2 Optimization of the effects of Launch Power on SBS and BER

R3: PP2-DP1 The effect of fiber distance on SBS threshold

RN: PPY-DPX

PLANNING FOR PAPER PLANNING FOR PAPER WRITINGWRITING

Each individual result or their combinations may be used for paper writing

Results with novelties can be targeted for high quality journals

The number of publication can be maximized

PLANNING FOR THESIS PLANNING FOR THESIS WRITINGWRITING

Thesis chapters for results can be easily planned

Multiple results chapters can be generated based on the results groupings

Groupings can be based on PPs, or Methods or Sub-Systems

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Results are the most important part of Research

Engineering and sciences are normally dealing with Continuous data

Four main analyses: Descriptive, Relationship, Comparative, Optimization

Very important to organize results for various purposes