Post on 26-Dec-2015
Enlightenment & Enlightenment & RevolutionRevolution
Chapter Chapter 6
6.1Scientific
Revolution
Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of MODERN SCIENCE.
The Church
Knowledge vs. Church
Revolution In Science The Church (Old Truth) vs. The Scientists
Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theory (1st Time)
Nicolas Copernicus
Discovered… Heliocentric Theory Solar system Brahe & Kepler
mathematical proof
Galileo Galilei Telescope-maker Starry Messenger (Book) Copernicus Theory Went Against Church
teaching…sent to inquisition
Confessed that Copernicus teaching were false…
1992 exoneration
Sir Francis Bacon
Discovered… Empiricism Theory Experiment FIRST
THEN Conclusion Significance:
New Theories & Knowledge Process
Rene Descartes
Believed SCIENTISTS should REJECT old assumptions & teachings
DOUBT BEFORE TRUTH Begin w/nothing, then
build “I think, therefore I am”
Ideas + Action = RealityEnlightenment + Revolution = Modern
World
Scientific Method
Method Is…#1 Problem or question#2 Hypothesis#3 Experiment testing#4 Analyze, interpret & conclusion
SIGNIFICANCE: A new process of thinking that led to the discovery of new knowledge that has MODERNIZED THE WORLD!
The Scientific Revolution
INSPIREDNew Thought Processes
Sir Isaac Newton Discovered
Law of Gravity Law of Attraction Laws of Motion Giant Clock Theory
God the Clockmaker created then set everything into motion…
Newton Brought everything together
Scientific Revolution Spreads
New Fields of Science Medicine (vaccinations) Anatomy (systems & organs) Chemistry Biology, Physics
New instruments: telescope (outer space), microscope (Janssen, invisible), thermometer (Fahrenheit & Celsius,
temperature), barometer (Torricelli, weather)
Edward Jenner #1 KILLER into SMALL POX cure! World’s 1st Vaccination
The Scientific
Revolution INSPIREDNew Medicines
QUICK WRITEHow did the Scientific
Revolution Change The World?
Scientific Revolution Impact New instruments New technology New inventions New thinking process
New laws of nature
New medicines New human anatomy
The Scientific
Revolution INSPIREDThe Enlightenment
Conclusions Reason & order in SCIENCE led to a re-
thinking of the long held beliefs about the laws of running a society in the best way for everyone…rights & liberties
THE PEOPLE ARE BEGINNING TO RISE!
Check For Understanding
The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment
CH. 6SECTION 2
Centers of the Enlightenment
EnlightenmenEnlightenmentt
The Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment philosophers admired scientists admired scientists use of reasonuse of reason to to understand the natural world. These understand the natural world. These philosophers promote the use of philosophers promote the use of reason to understand government, reason to understand government, religion, education, and economics. religion, education, and economics. They advocate government reform They advocate government reform and social improvement.”and social improvement.”
???Enlightenment or Absolutism??????Enlightenment or Absolutism??? E=Enlightenment, A=AbsolutismE=Enlightenment, A=Absolutism Progress___ Tradition___ Reason___Progress___ Tradition___ Reason___ Blind Faith___ Education___Ignorance___ Blind Faith___ Education___Ignorance___
Tolerance___ Intolerance___ Reading___ Tolerance___ Intolerance___ Reading___ Illiteracy___ Capitalism___ Illiteracy___ Capitalism___ Mercantilism___ Trial___ Mercantilism___ Trial___ Torture___Freedom___Torture___Freedom___
Censorship___ Liberty___ Oppression___ Censorship___ Liberty___ Oppression___ Secular___ Religious___ The Church____Secular___ Religious___ The Church____
Philosophes Philosophes Pursued the Pursued the following…following… ReasonReason
Truth discovered through logical thinkingTruth discovered through logical thinking Reason was the absence of intolerance, bigotry, or Reason was the absence of intolerance, bigotry, or
prejudice in one’s thinkingprejudice in one’s thinking NatureNature
Nature was good & reasonable and applied to Nature was good & reasonable and applied to everythingeverything
HappinessHappiness Living by nature’s laws brings happiness in this life, Living by nature’s laws brings happiness in this life,
misery in this world to achieve well being in the next is misery in this world to achieve well being in the next is unacceptableunacceptable
ProgressProgress Society and mankind could be perfected over timeSociety and mankind could be perfected over time
LibertyLiberty Society could be set free from tyrannySociety could be set free from tyranny
EnlightenmentEnlightenment ProgressProgress ReasonReason EducationEducation ToleranceTolerance ReadingReading CapitalismCapitalism TrialTrial FreedomFreedom LibertyLiberty SecularSecular
Absolutism Absolutism (OLD)(OLD) TraditionTradition Blind FaithBlind Faith IgnoranceIgnorance IntoleranceIntolerance IlliteracyIlliteracy MercantilismMercantilism TortureTorture CensorshipCensorship OppressionOppression ReligiousReligious
The “Great Debate”
Reason& LogicReason& Logic
Traditionsand
Superstitions
Traditionsand
Superstitions
rationalismrationalism empiricismempiricism tolerancetolerance skepticismskepticism DeismDeism
nostalgia for the nostalgia for the pastpast
organized organized religionsreligions
irrationalismirrationalism EmotionalismEmotionalism FundamentalismFundamentalism
Two Views On Two Views On GovernmentGovernment John LockeJohn Locke
Goal of GovernmentGoal of Government Protecting natural Protecting natural
rightsrights Natural Rights of life, Natural Rights of life,
liberty, & propertyliberty, & property Consent of the peopleConsent of the people
Role of the PeopleRole of the People People are goodPeople are good Must follow laws, Must follow laws,
make progressmake progress Revolution is right Revolution is right
if government failsif government fails
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Goal of GovernmentGoal of Government
Keep law & orderKeep law & order Prevent civil warPrevent civil war
Role of the PeopleRole of the People People are badPeople are bad Self Preservation Self Preservation Must give up rights Must give up rights
in exchange for law in exchange for law & order& order
The Social ContractThe Social Contract Leviathan 1651Leviathan 1651
VoltairVoltairee
DefendedDefended Tolerance, reason, Tolerance, reason,
freedom of religion & freedom of religion & freedom of speechfreedom of speech
Critiques & SatireCritiques & Satire Waged a thinker’s war, Waged a thinker’s war,
his weapon was his pen, his weapon was his pen, his enemy was his enemy was intolerance, prejudice & intolerance, prejudice & superstition superstition (Crush the (Crush the evil thing)evil thing)
WritingsWritings Candide (Mocked the Candide (Mocked the
laws & customs of laws & customs of France)France)
Social reformerSocial reformer
“ “I may disagree with what I may disagree with what you say but I will defend you say but I will defend to the death your right to the death your right to say it.” -Voltaireto say it.” -Voltaire
Greatest IdeaGreatest Idea Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers
3 Branches of Rule3 Branches of Rule Best way to protect LibertyBest way to protect Liberty Checks & balances Checks & balances "government should be
set up so that no man need be afraid of another.”
WritingsWritings On the Spirit of On the Spirit of
LawsLaws Persian LettersPersian Letters Social CommentatorSocial Commentator
““Power should be Power should be a check to power.”a check to power.”
MontesquieuMontesquieu
RousseaRousseauu Great IDEA (Problem)Great IDEA (Problem)
People are good, and People are good, and society is corrupt…society is corrupt…
Civilization has corrupted Civilization has corrupted man and destroyed man and destroyed freedom & equalityfreedom & equality
Great Idea (Solution)Great Idea (Solution) General Will General Will (The Social (The Social
Contract)Contract) Consent of the governedConsent of the governed Direct democracyDirect democracy Obedience to the will of allObedience to the will of all No titles of nobilityNo titles of nobility Ideas shaped the French Ideas shaped the French
RevolutionRevolution
““Man is born free Man is born free and everywhere he and everywhere he is in chains.” -is in chains.” -RousseauRousseau
Mary Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft
Legacy (Feminist)Legacy (Feminist) Women’s Rights ActivistWomen’s Rights Activist Women not inferior to Women not inferior to
menmen Education for all womenEducation for all women Equality for all womenEquality for all women Doctors not just nursesDoctors not just nurses
WritingsWritings A Vindication of the A Vindication of the
Rights of WomenRights of Women Mother of Mary ShelleyMother of Mary Shelley
Author of FrankensteinAuthor of Frankenstein
Cesare BeccariaCesare Beccaria REFORM Justice systemREFORM Justice system Laws for ORDER, not Laws for ORDER, not
avenging CRIMEavenging CRIME CRITICIZED: Torturing CRITICIZED: Torturing
witnesses, unfair trials, witnesses, unfair trials, cruel & unusual cruel & unusual punishmentpunishment
DESIRED: speedy trial, DESIRED: speedy trial, torture out, punishment torture out, punishment fitting the crime, no fitting the crime, no death penaltydeath penalty
Legacy of the Legacy of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
1. Challenged long-held beliefs and 1. Challenged long-held beliefs and discovered the need to reform…discovered the need to reform…
2. Discovered a belief in progress2. Discovered a belief in progress 3. Secular outlook = non-religious, 3. Secular outlook = non-religious,
separation of Church & State, no more separation of Church & State, no more superstition & fearsuperstition & fear
4. Importance of the individual- 4. Importance of the individual- individualism (self guidance & individualism (self guidance & responsibility)responsibility)
Check For Understanding
The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Enlightenment Ideas SpreadEnlightenment Ideas Spread
CH. 6SECTION 3
Salons
SalonsSalonsSocial gatherings for Social gatherings for
writers, philosophers, writers, philosophers, and artists to discuss and artists to discuss news & ideas…news & ideas…
Turned into an Turned into an InstitutionInstitution of the Enlightenmentof the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment The Enlightenment SpreadsSpreads
EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Denis Diderot (Editor)Denis Diderot (Editor) 28 volumes28 volumes 25 years to produce25 years to produce On many topicsOn many topics Essays from Essays from
PhilosophesPhilosophes Controversial CollectionControversial Collection
ExcommunicationExcommunication Attack on public moralsAttack on public morals
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot
EncyclopediaEncyclopedia”To change the way of thinking!””To change the way of thinking!”
Essays written about (28 volumes)Essays written about (28 volumes) Evils of Slavery & slave tradingEvils of Slavery & slave trading Attacked divine right theory, absolutismAttacked divine right theory, absolutism Freedom of speech & natural rightsFreedom of speech & natural rights The need for Education for everyoneThe need for Education for everyone "All things must be examined, debated, "All things must be examined, debated,
investigated without exception and investigated without exception and without regard for anyone's feelings." - without regard for anyone's feelings." - Denis Diderot explaining the goal of the Denis Diderot explaining the goal of the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
The Challenge of New The Challenge of New IdeasIdeas Paris, France
The New Athens & Heart of Enlightenment Ideas debated, Pamphlets were distributed Ideas spread everywhere in Europe
Books, Encyclopedias, salons, Enlightened Despots
Government & Church Sacred duty to defend God’s Old Order Censorship (The Index, Inquisition)
Burned books, imprisoned writers Secret books (Candide & Persian Letters) Disguised their ideas in fiction, aliases
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsLeaders who used their power to bring about Leaders who used their power to bring about
political & social change called reforms.political & social change called reforms. Frederick the Great (Prussia)Frederick the Great (Prussia)
““First servant of the state”First servant of the state” Assisted peasants & religious freedomAssisted peasants & religious freedom
Joseph II (Austria)Joseph II (Austria) The Peasants EmperorThe Peasants Emperor
Abolished serfdomAbolished serfdom Religious freedomReligious freedom
Abolished censorship Abolished censorship Sold Church property to build hospitalsSold Church property to build hospitals
Catherine the Great (Russia)Catherine the Great (Russia) Criticized the institution of serfdomCriticized the institution of serfdom Fought the enemies of Superstition, fanaticism, Fought the enemies of Superstition, fanaticism,
ignorance & trickery…ignorance & trickery…Added Black Sea & Poland Added Black Sea & Poland (International power) (International power)
Enlightenment Art, Literature & Enlightenment Art, Literature & MusicMusic
The NovelThe Novel Fictional storiesFictional stories
Classical MusicClassical Music Structured formStructured form
Ballets & OperasBallets & Operas BaroqueBaroque
grand, ornate stylegrand, ornate style Neoclassical- Neoclassical- (replaced (replaced
Baroque)Baroque) order & balance, elegance, order & balance, elegance,
personal art Greeks/Romanspersonal art Greeks/Romans
The NovelThe Novel Mid 1700sMid 1700s Novels are long works Novels are long works
of prose fictionof prose fiction Stories about their own Stories about their own
timestimes Middle class readersMiddle class readers This new style became This new style became
very popularvery popular Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe PamelaPamela
New Trends In MusicNew Trends In Music
Ballets & Operas Ballets & Operas Plays set to musicPlays set to music
Classical MusicClassical Music Structured ordered musicStructured ordered music SymphonySymphony
5 Greatest Classical Musicians
*MOZART (1756-1791) STYLE: Playful, serious, uplifting &
somber FAMOUS PIECES: “Magic Flute”
“Don Giovanni” “Marriage of Figaro” PERSONAL: World’s 1st Music
Superstar *BEETHOVEN (1770-1827) STYLE: Large orchestras, pianist FAMOUS PIECES: 5th & 9th Symphony PERSONAL: Deaf before age 30,
bridged classical into romanticism
HANDEL (1685-1759) STYLE: Operas, oratorios & concertos FAMOUS PIECES: Messiah (Centerpiece of Christmas & Easter) PERSONAL: Died very wealthy, unmarried
HAYDN (1732-1809) STYLE: Father of the symphony & the string quartet FAMOUS PIECES: The Creation PERSONAL: Court musician
BACH (1685-1750) STYLE: Complex & beautiful religious works for organ
& choirs (Organist/Violin) FAMOUS PIECES: Toccata and Fugue in D minor PERSONAL: Supreme composer of the Baroque style
Enlightenment Legacy
Enlightenment Music= Classical Enlightenment Art= Neoclassical/Baroque Enlightenment Entertainment= Operas,
Ballets & Novels, Symphonies Enlightenment Hobby= Reading Enlightenment Readings= Encyclopedia,
Novels, Essays, Letters Enlightenment Religion= Deism Enlightenment Church/Institution= Salons
Enlightenment Legacy
Enlightenment Government= Republic/Democracy/Constitutional Monarchy
Enlightenment Economics= Capitalism Enlightenment Ideology= Progress,
Reason, REFORM, Education, Freedom Enlightenment Heroes= Philosophes &
Revolutionaries Enlightenment Enemies= Superstition,
Ignorance, Intolerance, Tyranny
The Enlightenment
INSPIREDThe American Revolution
Check For Understanding
The American The American RevolutionRevolution
Birth of the American RepublicBirth of the American Republic
CH. 6SECTION 4
1775 American Revolution
The 13 English The 13 English ColoniesColonies
1750s Part of Britain’s 1750s Part of Britain’s growing empiregrowing empire
Mercantilist policies Mercantilist policies appliedapplied
Many religions & Many religions & ethnicitiesethnicities
Did their own thing, felt Did their own thing, felt they were still English they were still English citizenscitizens
Wanted a destiny apart Wanted a destiny apart from Englandfrom England
Reasons For Revolution French & Indian War 1763 (HUGE DEBT)French & Indian War 1763 (HUGE DEBT)
England felt colonists should help pay for the England felt colonists should help pay for the war (taxes)war (taxes)
Unpopular Taxes & Trade RestrictionsUnpopular Taxes & Trade Restrictions Stamp Act- on all printed matter Stamp Act- on all printed matter
(Repealed in 1766)(Repealed in 1766) Townshend Act-on everyday itemsTownshend Act-on everyday items Intolerable Act-punishment for T-PartyIntolerable Act-punishment for T-Party Navigation Acts- Americans could only Navigation Acts- Americans could only
sell to Britainsell to Britain American Response: American Response: “No taxation without “No taxation without
representation!”representation!”
American American Revolution EventsRevolution Events The American RevolutionThe American Revolution 1770 Boston Massacre & 1773 Boston Tea Party1770 Boston Massacre & 1773 Boston Tea Party 1774 11774 1stst Continental Congress (John Adams) Continental Congress (John Adams)
Economic boycott & petitioned the King Economic boycott & petitioned the King w/grievancesw/grievances
1775 Lexington & Concord (Shots Heard Around 1775 Lexington & Concord (Shots Heard Around The World)The World)
1775 21775 2ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress Continental Army 1775 (George Washington)Continental Army 1775 (George Washington)
Declaration of Independence 1776, Declaration of Independence 1776, Battle of Saratoga 1777 (Turning Point)Battle of Saratoga 1777 (Turning Point) British Surrender at Yorktown 1781British Surrender at Yorktown 1781 Articles of Confederation 1781, Articles of Confederation 1781, Constitution 1787Constitution 1787
Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence 1776, 21776, 2ndnd Continental Continental
Congress decided to Congress decided to declare independencedeclare independence
Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson wrote the documentwrote the document
EmphasizingEmphasizing Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty Listed GrievancesListed Grievances A New GovernmentA New Government Protection of rightsProtection of rights
War for War for IndependenceIndependence
Continental Army vs. British Redcoats Continental Army vs. British Redcoats (Loyalists)(Loyalists) General George Washington & Minutemen (Patriots)General George Washington & Minutemen (Patriots) Began @ 1775 Lexington & Concord, 2 ½ years fighting Began @ 1775 Lexington & Concord, 2 ½ years fighting Guerrilla Fighting Tactics (Hit & Run/Home field) Guerrilla Fighting Tactics (Hit & Run/Home field)
Turning Point (Saratoga, 1777)Turning Point (Saratoga, 1777) British surrender @ Yorktown in 1781British surrender @ Yorktown in 1781
Reasons for victoryReasons for victory Defending homeland, British overconfidence, Defending homeland, British overconfidence,
time was on America’s side, Foreign (French) time was on America’s side, Foreign (French) allies, taxes (too expensive to continue)allies, taxes (too expensive to continue)
Treaty of Paris 1783Treaty of Paris 1783
CONSTITUTION SIGNING…CONSTITUTION SIGNING…
America Creates a RepublicAmerica Creates a RepublicThe Making Of A New GovernmentThe Making Of A New Government
1781 Articles of Confederation (Ineffective)1781 Articles of Confederation (Ineffective) Republic, States System w/weak national Republic, States System w/weak national
government (fear of government interference)government (fear of government interference) Only one branch, Congress, ruled the landOnly one branch, Congress, ruled the land
1787 Constitution (Brought everything 1787 Constitution (Brought everything together)together) Federal System Created (power divided between Federal System Created (power divided between
national & state government)national & state government) Three Branches, separation of powers w/checks & Three Branches, separation of powers w/checks &
balances set upbalances set up 1791 Bill of Rights (Reason, Reform & Progress)1791 Bill of Rights (Reason, Reform & Progress)
11stst 10 amendments, guaranteeing natural rights 10 amendments, guaranteeing natural rights
The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights
A summary list of the A summary list of the rights deemed most rights deemed most important to a peopleimportant to a people
11stst Ten Amendments of Ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitutionthe U.S. Constitution
Demanded by the Anti-Demanded by the Anti-federalists to ratifyfederalists to ratify
Enlightenment Ideas Enlightenment Ideas into practiceinto practice
AmendmentsAmendmentsTo The ConstitutionTo The Constitution
1313thth ??? ???1515thth, 19, 19thth,26,26thth ??? ???1818thth & 21 & 21stst ??? ???(Reason, Reform & Progress)(Reason, Reform & Progress)
U.S. Constitutio
n
Enlightenment Ideas and the Constitution
Democratic Rights & Democratic Rights & Values Values
“Making life worth living.”“Making life worth living.” LifeLife LibertyLiberty PropertyProperty Right to foodRight to food Right to workRight to work Right to educationRight to education Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech Freedom PressFreedom Press
Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion The right to bear armsThe right to bear arms The right to assembleThe right to assemble Equality before LawEquality before Law Trial by jury of peersTrial by jury of peers Innocent until proven Innocent until proven
guiltyguilty Right to VoteRight to Vote
American Revolution Legacy
1st nation to REVOLUTION It’s possible to overthrow the
government! 1787 U.S. Constitution
Rule of Law Federal Republic
National & State Governments
The American Revolution
INSPIREDThe French Revolution
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