Post on 11-Mar-2018
1648 1688 EnglishRevolu1on 1789 FrenchRevolu1on
ENLIGHTENMENT–AGEOFREASON
Interna1onalIntellectualMovementthatpromotedReason(thinkingandscience)andIndividualismratherthanFaithandTradi1on,
Creed:Sapere aude! Daretoknow!
Post1750Nolongerauniformtheoryofarchitecture
Norma1veClassicism
Rousseau'sschool“…everyarchitecturaltenetshouldderivefromra1onallyjus1fiablearchetypes”
Diderot ImmanuelKant Voltaire J.J.Rouseau
1648 1688 EnglishRevolu1on 1789 FrenchRevolu1on
ENLIGHTENMENT–AGEOFREASON
FRANCE
Marc‐AntoineLaugier(1713‐1769)
“…Itisaboveallimportanttothink”
1713 BorninManosque,France,inanupperclassbourgeoisfamily.
1727 Atage14,enterstheconventtobecomeaJesuitpriest,Avignon.
Jesuiteduca1oninLa1n,Greek,History,Geography,Philosophy,Arithme1c,Geometry,Op1cs,Astronomy,andArchitecture.
StudiesinLyons,Besancon,Marseilles,&Nimes
1753 SermonintheChapelofVersailles.Essai sur l’ Architecture
1769 DiesinParis
Marc‐AntoineLaugier(1713‐1769)
Essai sur l’Architecture Essay on Architecture
1753(anonymously),1755secondedi1on.
Marc‐AntoineLaugier(1713‐1769)
Essai sur l’Architecture Essay on Architecture
1753(anonymously),1755secondedi1on.
EssayonArchitecture:ContentsChI GeneralPrinciplesofArchitecture ChIII Observa1onsontheArtofBuilding
I TheColumn I OntheSolidityofBuildings
II TheEntablature II OnConvenience
III ThePediment III OnBienseance
IV TheDifferentStoriesofaBuilding ChIV OntheStyleinwhichtoBuildChurches
V WindowsandDoors
ChII TheDifferentArchitecturalOrders ChV OntheEmbellishmentofTowns
I WhatAllOrdersHaveinCommon I OnEntriesofTowns
II TheDoricOrder II OntheLayoutofStreets
III TheIonicOrder III OntheDecora1onofBuildings
IV TheDifferentKindsofComposite
V HowtoEnrichtheVariousOrders ChVI OntheEmbellishmentofGardens
VI OnBuildingswithoutOrder
BIENSEANCE
appropriatenessof
decora1on
CONVENIENCE situa1on,planning,internal
communica1on
SOLIDITE materialchoiceandtheirproper
uses
Laugier’sTriad
MaisonCarrédeNimes,France
Architectureshouldbefoundedonsimplenature.
Laugiersought
a"morerigorous"understandingofarchitectureandornament.
wasinspiredbyprecedentsfromAn1quity,
yetsoughttheabsoluterootsofhistory.
EssayonArchitecture:TableofContents
ChI GeneralPrinciplesofArchitecture Ch3 Observa1onsontheArtofBuilding
1 TheColumn 1 OntheSolidityofBuildings
2 TheEntablature 2 OnConvenience
3 ThePediment 3 OnhowtoobserveBienseance inbuilding
4 TheDifferentStoriesofaBuilding Ch4 OntheStyleinwhichtoBuildChurches
5 WindowsandDoors
Ch2 TheDifferentArchitecturalOrders Ch5 OntheEmbellishmentofTowns
1 WhatAllOrdersHaveinCommon 1 OnEntriesofTowns
2 TheDoricOrder 2 OntheLayoutofStreets
3 TheIonicOrder 3 OntheDecora1onofBuildings
4 TheDifferentKindsofComposite
5 HowtoEnrichtheVariousOrders Ch6 OntheEmbellishmentofGardens
6 OnBuildingswithoutOrder
ThePrimi1veHut“…byimita1ngnature,artwasborn.Allthesplendorseverconceivedhavebeenmodeledonthelijlerus1chut…”
Threemaincomponents:
1. Thecolumn
2. Theentablature
3. Thepediment
EssayonArchitecture:ContentsChI GeneralPrinciplesofArchitecture ChIII Observa1onsontheArtofBuilding
I TheColumn I OntheSolidityofBuildings
II TheEntablature II OnConvenience
III ThePediment III OnBienseance
IV TheDifferentStoriesofaBuilding ChIV OntheStyleinwhichtoBuildChurches
V WindowsandDoors
ChII TheDifferentArchitecturalOrders ChV OntheEmbellishmentofTowns
I WhatAllOrdersHaveinCommon I OnEntriesofTowns
II TheDoricOrder II OntheLayoutofStreets
III TheIonicOrder III OntheDecora1onofBuildings
IV TheDifferentKindsofComposite
V HowtoEnrichtheVariousOrders ChVI OntheEmbellishmentofGardens
VI OnBuildingswithoutOrder
ThePrimi1veHut
LikeVitruvius,Laugierplacestheoriginsofarchitecturalformsinnature:thefirstdwellingwasbuiltintheforest,withbranchesandtrees.
Unlikeprevioustheories,thehut isnotonlyamaterialconstruc1on,butalsoanabstractconcept.
• ThePrimi1veHutrepresentsthefirstarchitecturalidea.
ARCHETYPE• Showsbeginningsofanunderstandingofcolumn,entablature,andpediments. Futurearchitectureisbasedontheseprinciples.
Ar1cleI:TheColumn
Columnsmust:bestrictlyperpendiculartothegroundbefree‐standingberoundbetaperedfrombojomtotoprestdirectlyonthefloor
Faults:Nocolumnsengagedinwallsbecauseitdetractsfromtheoverallbeautyandaesthe1cnatureofcolumns.
Pilastersshouldstrictlybefrowneduponespeciallysinceinnearlyeverycasecolumnscouldbeusedinstead.
NOcolumnsonpedestals.Doingsowouldbe“likeaddingasecondsetoflegsbeneaththefirstpair.”
Plate31fromGiacomoBarossiDaVignola’sFive Orders
Ar1cleII:TheEntablature
TheEntablaturemust:
alwaysrestonitscolumnslikealintel&mustnothaveanycornerorprojec1on
Faults:NOARCHisagainstnaturebecauseanarchrequiresmassivepiersandimpostswhobecomepilastersanarchinducesalateralforceonthecolumns;whoaremeanttogivever1calsupportonly.anarchisnotstraight.
“Neverputanythingintoabuildingforwhichonecannotgiveasoundreason.Natureisso,buildingsshouldalsobe.”
ChapelatVersaillesSt.Germainel’AuxerroisinParis
Ar1cleIII:ThePediment
ThePedimentmust:
representthegableoftheroofonlybealongthewidthofabuilding.beabovetheentablature
Faults:pedimentsonthelongsideofabuildingnon‐triangularpedimentscurved,broken,orscrolledpedimentsseveralpedimentsontopofeachother
StGervais
EssayonArchitecture:ContentsChI GeneralPrinciplesofArchitecture ChIII Observa1onsontheArtofBuilding
I TheColumn I OntheSolidityofBuildings
II TheEntablature II OnConvenience
III ThePediment III OnBienseance
IV TheDifferentStoriesofaBuilding ChIV OntheStyleinwhichtoBuildChurches
V WindowsandDoors
ChII TheDifferentArchitecturalOrders ChV OntheEmbellishmentofTowns
I WhatAllOrdersHaveinCommon I OnEntriesofTowns
II TheDoricOrder II OntheLayoutofStreets
III TheIonicOrder III OntheDecora1onofBuildings
IV TheDifferentKindsofComposite
V HowtoEnrichtheVariousOrders ChVI OntheEmbellishmentofGardens
VI OnBuildingswithoutOrder
The“rightstyle”hasyettobedeveloped.
Laugierfindsgracefulnessinthegothic,
butis“overwhelmed”bygrotesquedecora1on;
“Howmanyfaults,buthowgrand!”
OntheStyleofChurches
Soufflot’splanforSteGenevieveinParis
Eleva1onforSteGenevieveinParis
SteGenevieveinParis
SteGenevieveinParis
Bibliography
• Braham,Allan.TheArchitectureoftheFrenchEnlightenment.LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1980.• Herrmann,Wolfgang.LaugierandEighteenthCenturyFrenchTheory.London:A.ZwemmerLTD,1985.• Laugier,Marc‐Antoine.AnEssayonArchitecture.LosAngeles:Hennessey&Ingalls,Inc.,1977.• NexusNetworkJornal‐GiacomoBarozziDaVignola,Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture • hjp://picasaweb.google.com/francknrpc9324/Paris#5054865708276020770• hjp://www.wikimedia.org