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Healthy Oceans. Healthy People.

Updated Dec 2015. For updated information visit ohi-science.org

Core Framework and Methods

“How inappropriate to call this planet Earth, when it is evident it should be

called Ocean” - Arthur C. Clarke

© Olivier Langrand

Recognizing Ocean Values WORLDWIDE

$21 trillion

1billion peoplephoto: © art wolfe/ www.artwolfe.com

$190 billion/year

ocean related jobs500 million

1.Need2.Goals and Methods3.Scale of assessments4.Uses and benefits5.Results of global assessment6.Overcoming limitations with independent assessments

OUTLINE

WHY DO WE NEED AN OCEAN HEALTH INDEX?

OCEAN & COASTAL GOODS AND

SERVICES

potential conflicts

need sustainable

balance

COASTS AND OCEANS ARE CHANGING IN

unprecedented ways

One without human pressures?What is a healthy ocean?

HOW DO YOU MEASURE OCEAN HEALTH?

HUMAN BEINGS ARE PART OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Everywhere in the world

Policies aim to achieve healthy

oceans

WITHOUT AN INTEGRATED TOOL TO MEASURE ITS HEALTH

1.Integrate various indicators

2.Evaluate cumulative pressures & resilience

3.Identify impacts of one sector over others

need to CHANGE business as usual

An index to assess the health and benefits of the global oceanpublished on 31.8.2012

a HEALTHY OCEAN sustainably delivers a range of benefits to

people both now and in the future

What is the Ocean Health Index?

• that measures & tracks sustainable ocean use

• a quantitative, repeatable, transparent and comprehensive tool

• with a common language to inform decision making

Ten Human Goals: an Ocean Dashboard

The Ocean Health Index I is the weighted sum of individual goal indices Ii

Trend five most recent years

Current Status 50%

Probable Future State

50%

Pressures

Resilience

Artisanal fishing

opportunity

access need

pollutionHabitat destruction

Invasive speciesby-catch

sea level rise governance

fishing regulationhabitat integrityspecies diversity

governance

status 2010status 2011status 2012status 2013status 2014

+Ii= xi + xi,Fˆ

2

PresentReference

CURRENT STATUS 5

0

XiXi, R

= xi =

TrendPressuresResilience

PROBABLE FUTURE STATE 5

0

Tpi

ri

= xi,Fˆ(1+δ)-1 [1 + βTi + (1 - β)(ri - pi)]xi

Calculations for Each Goal

Extent of coastal habitats

Relative weight of carbon storage by

habitat

EXAMPLES OF INDICATORS USED TO CALCULATE GOAL STATUS

Food Provision Artisanal Fishing Natural Products Carbon Storage Coastal Protection

Catch volume by species

Biomass/biomass of MSY

Tons of Mariculture per

speciesMariculture

sustainabilityCoastal

population

Quality of artisanal fishing

management

GDPpcPPP

Artisanal fishing need

Tons harvest of non food products

Value of harvest by product

Sustainability of the harvest

Extent of habitats 1km

Condition of habitats 1km

Ocean acidification

Ultra violet incidence

Sea level rise

Current Status

Chemical pollution

Pathogens

Nutrient pollution

Trash

EXAMPLES OF INDICATORS USED TO CALCULATE GOAL STATUS

Economies & Livelihoods

Turism & Recreation Cultural Identity Clean Waters Biodiversity

Sector revenuesEmployment and

wages in the sectors

UnemploymentCoastal GDP

Marine sector evenness

Proportional employment in

tourism

Tourism sustainability

Conservation status of iconic

speciesProportion of marine and

coastal protected areas

Conservation status of species

Conservation status of habitats

Current Status

Fishing Pressures

Commercial bycatch (high &

low)Artisanal

bycatch (high & low)

Selective harvesting

PressuresEXAMPLES OF INDICATORS USED TO CALCULATE GOAL PRESSURES

Ecological Pressures Social Pressures

PollutionChemicalPathogensNutrients

Trash

Habitat destruction

Subtidal hard and soft bottom

habitats

Intertidal habitats

Species Pollution

Invasive species

Genetic escapes

Social factors

Governance indicators

Climate Change

Sea surface temperature

Ocean acidification

Ultraviolet incidence

Sea level rise

Resilience

EXAMPLES OF INDICATORS USED TO CALCULATE GOAL RESILIENCE

Ecological Resilience

Invasive SpeciesCITES Signatories

Fishing RegulationsHabitat Protection

Biodiversity ProtectionGood Governance

Sustainable Tourism MeasuresClean Water Measures

Species DiversityHabitat Diversity

Global Competitiveness IndexSector Evenness

Global Governance Indicators

Regulatory Ecological Integrity Social Integrity

Reference Points: optimal status

SpecificMeasurableAmbitiousRealisticTime bound

Articulate management

guides selection of

appropriate indicators for assessing the status of the goal

1.Functional Relationships (preferred method)

MSY

biomass

yiel

d

Types of Reference Points

Multi species MSY

Artisanal Fishing

Wild Caught

FisheriesNatural

Products

Samhouri et al. 2012 Ecosphere

tiempo

Yiel

d

Maximum

2.Temporal comparisons

Coastal Protection

Natural Products Carbon Storage

Livelihoods &

EconomiesBiodiversity:

HabitatsSamhouri et al. 2012 Ecosphere

Types of Reference Points

Samhouri et al. 2012 Ecosphere

Place

Yiel

d

Best

3.Spatial ComparisonBest Wors

t

LivelihoodsTurism & Recreatio

nMariculture

Types of Reference Points

4.Known/established target

Samhouri et al. 2012 Ecosphere

Sense of place: Lasting Special

Places

Biodiversity: Species

Sense of Place: Iconic Species

Clean Waters

Types of Reference Points

100reference pointCondition &

Extent of Habitats in 1900

0 50current status

GAPExample: Coastal

Protection

Alien speciesDestroyed habitatsMPASalariesFish oilMarine revenuesIUCN Risks

Mariculture yieldsTrashSalt marshesTourismWorld Governance IndicatorsCITES Marine revenuesOrnamental fish

Nutrient Pollution

MangrovesAcidification 10 Ocean Goals

Food Provisionin

g

Artisanal Fishing

Opportunities

Natural Product

s

Carbon Storag

e

Tourism & Recreation

Sense of Place

Clean Waters

Biodiversity

Coastal Protectio

n

Livelihoods &

Economies

DATA LAYERS

Present Status50%

Goal’s present value compared to a goal-specific reference point

Components of Goal ScoresLikely Future Status

50%2/3 1/3

Trend average percentage change in Status

shown by the most recent five years of data

Pressure

ecological and social factors

that negatively affect status

Resilience sum

of ecologica

l and social factors

that positively

affect status and

reduce pressures

OHI Frameworkconceptual design, including ‘ocean health’ definition

corehow goals are, reference points ascoredre required

tailoredwhich goals are scored,

how reference points are set

+OHI Toolbox

calculations and organization, using open source collaborative software

coreohicore R package

tailoredwhat information is

included, how models are developed

+

OHI scoresvisualized and shared

CORE + TAILORABLEframework

Study area: Globe Region: Countries

global assessments

vs.

OHI+ independent assessments

Study area: Country Region: States

CORE + TAILORABLEframework

Global Goal Status Models and Reference

Points

Measures the amount of seafood sustainably

harvested & producedWILD-CAUGHT FISHERIES

MARICULTURE

Food Provision

Fisheries

Amount of wild-caught seafood that can be

sustainably harvestedBiomass/BiomassMSY —> within 5% OSYOSY = Optimal Sustainable Yield = 75% of MSY

r = rate of population increaseK = carrying capacityBMSY = mean time series BCatch = FAO data report commercial fishing landings (proxy for catch) by fishing country—>0.5° resolution, distribution of taxaXFIS = Status for each reporting region i

SS = stock status scoresi = individual taxon & n = total # of taxaC = relative contribution to overall catch

Fisheries

B/BMSY => r & K

values aggregated using geometric mean

Mariculture

Harvested tonnes per coastal inhabitant

Annual harvested yields from marine & brackish waters

Artisanal Fishing Opportunity

The ability to access fish for food - small & local scales

All demand for artisanal fishing is allowed and/or achieved and done in a sustainable

manner

Natural Products

Harvest of non-food natural products

35% of the peak maximum value ever achieved

Carbon Storage

Extent and condition of coastal habitats store & sequester

atmospheric CO2

Condition in the early 1980s

Coastal Protection

Extent and condition of coastal habitats against flooding and

erosion

Condition in the early 1980s

LIVELIHOODS

ECONOMIES

Coastal Livelihoods & Economies

Jobs and revenue produced from marine- related

industries

1. Commercial fishing 2. Mariculture3. Tourism and recreation 4. Shipping and

transportation

5. Whale watching6. Ports and harbors 7. Ship and boat building 8. Renewable energy

production (wind and wave) 

Eight Sectors

Coastal Economies

Jobs & wages

No-net-loss relative to trends in national employment

Coastal Livelihoods

Revenue produced from marine-related

industries

No net loss marine-related revenue & keep pace with GPD growth

Coastal Economies

Tourism & RecreationCapture experience in visiting coastal & marine areas and

attractionsProportion of the labor force engaged in

the sector90% percentile — 9.5% of total labor

force

Sense of PlaceCondition of iconic species

& protection of special places

ICONIC SPECIES

LASTING SPECIAL PLACES

Iconic Species

Unique importance is recognized through traditional

activities

Relevant marine species categorized “least concern”

Lasting Special Places

Geographic locations that are valuable to

peopleProtecting 30% of coastal waters to 3 nautical miles & 30% 1km inland of

shoreline

Clean Waters

Measures the degree to which waters are

polluted

Zero pollution

Biodiversity

Success in maintaining the richness and variety of

marine life

SPECIES HABITATS

Species

Average IUCN conservation status of

marine species

Species categorized at very low levels of extinction risk, or “least concern”

Habitats

mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, salt marshes, sea ice, and

subtidal soft-bottom habitats

Areas or conditions equal or exceed what they were in the early 1980s

Data NormalizingX’ = X - Xmin

Xmax - Xmin

All status, pressures, and resilience data are normalized from 0-100

110 Global Data Sets221 EEZ — Countries &

Territories

Puntuación

0 25

50

75

90

100

2015 Global AssessmentsHighest scoring areas:Prince Edward Islands 92Howland Island and Baker Island 90Macquarie Island, Heard and McDonald Islands 87Phoenix Group, Northern Saint-Martin 86New Caledonia (pop. 269,000) 85

Lowest scoring areas:North Korea, Lebanon 50Liberia, Nicaragua 48Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, DRC 47 Dominica 46 Libya 43

Based on 15 FAO subdivisions

High Seas Assessment

Only three components assessed: 1. Food provision: fisheries2. Sense of place: iconic species3. Biodiversity: species

Lowest: 53 Pacific NorthwestHighest: 79 Western Indian Ocean

LIMITATIONS & CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL STUDY

•Data must be uniformly available from all countries•Better data from individual countries can’t be used•Results are coarser than country-level data might provide•Can’t see local-scale phenomena

Limitations

Low local precisionLow policy relevance at local scales

Global data quality

Strengths

ComparisonsSynergy with Multilateral Environmental Agreements

Uniform methods & common language

Endorsements & Adoptions

Thank You!Questions?

www.ohi-science.org