ENG 2003 - 언어학개론Phonology 1

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 1 / 19

Introduction

Phonology – The study of the organization of the sounds (orgestures) of language.

Phone – a individual unit of sound (or gesture)

Words are composed of a sequence of individual sounds gesturescalled phones.

Sequence is not purely linear

• Vowel and tone coincide temporally.• Focal emphasis is expressed together with the sounds of the word• Manual gestures in signed languages are accompanied by facial gestures, which

also coincide temporally

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 19

Introduction

Phonology – The study of the organization of the sounds (orgestures) of language.

Phone – a individual unit of sound (or gesture)

Words are composed of a sequence of individual sounds gesturescalled phones.

Sequence is not purely linear

• Vowel and tone coincide temporally.• Focal emphasis is expressed together with the sounds of the word• Manual gestures in signed languages are accompanied by facial gestures, which

also coincide temporally

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 19

Introduction

Phonology – The study of the organization of the sounds (orgestures) of language.

Phone – a individual unit of sound (or gesture)

Words are composed of a sequence of individual sounds gesturescalled phones.

Sequence is not purely linear

• Vowel and tone coincide temporally.• Focal emphasis is expressed together with the sounds of the word• Manual gestures in signed languages are accompanied by facial gestures, which

also coincide temporally

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 19

Introduction

Phonology – The study of the organization of the sounds (orgestures) of language.

Phone – a individual unit of sound (or gesture)

Words are composed of a sequence of individual sounds gesturescalled phones.

Sequence is not purely linear• Vowel and tone coincide temporally.• Focal emphasis is expressed together with the sounds of the word• Manual gestures in signed languages are accompanied by facial gestures, which

also coincide temporally

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Phoneme - contrastive unit of sound

Two phones, /a/ and /b/, are separate phonemes if exchangingone for the other has the potential to give rise to a different word.

Thus, the distribution of phonemes is not predictable.

Are [n] and [m] contrastive in English?

Look for minimals pairs (최소 대립쌍)

Minimal pair: two words that differ by one phone

meet [mit] neat [nit]me [mi] knee [ni]limb [lIm] Lynn [lIn]dimmer [dImô] dinner [dInô]

/m/ and /n/ contrast. They are contrastive .

We say that they are distinct phonemes.

Their distribution is not predictable.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Try to find minimal pairs for the following sounds:

Korean English

/t/ and /th /t/ and /d//s/ and /h/ /f/ and /v//a/ and /2/ /i/ and /I/

Transcribe the following words carefully.

top stop determine attack[thAp] [stAp] [d@thôm@n] [@thæk]table stable astounding restitution

[theI“bl] [steI

“bl] [@staU

“ndIN] [ôEst@thuS@n]

tough stuff[th2f] [st2f]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Try to find minimal pairs for the following sounds:

Korean English

/t/ and /th /t/ and /d//s/ and /h/ /f/ and /v//a/ and /2/ /i/ and /I/

Transcribe the following words carefully.

top stop determine attack

[thAp] [stAp] [d@thôm@n] [@thæk]

table stable astounding restitution

[theI“bl] [steI

“bl] [@staU

“ndIN] [ôEst@thuS@n]

tough stuff

[th2f] [st2f]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Try to find minimal pairs for the following sounds:

Korean English

/t/ and /th /t/ and /d//s/ and /h/ /f/ and /v//a/ and /2/ /i/ and /I/

Transcribe the following words carefully.

top stop determine attack[thAp] [stAp]

[d@thôm@n] [@thæk]

table stable astounding restitution

[theI“bl] [steI

“bl] [@staU

“ndIN] [ôEst@thuS@n]

tough stuff

[th2f] [st2f]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Try to find minimal pairs for the following sounds:

Korean English

/t/ and /th /t/ and /d//s/ and /h/ /f/ and /v//a/ and /2/ /i/ and /I/

Transcribe the following words carefully.

top stop determine attack[thAp] [stAp]

[d@thôm@n] [@thæk]

table stable astounding restitution[theI

“bl] [steI

“bl]

[@staU“ndIN] [ôEst@thuS@n]

tough stuff

[th2f] [st2f]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Try to find minimal pairs for the following sounds:

Korean English

/t/ and /th /t/ and /d//s/ and /h/ /f/ and /v//a/ and /2/ /i/ and /I/

Transcribe the following words carefully.

top stop determine attack[thAp] [stAp]

[d@thôm@n] [@thæk]

table stable astounding restitution[theI

“bl] [steI

“bl]

[@staU“ndIN] [ôEst@thuS@n]

tough stuff[th2f] [st2f]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Try to find minimal pairs for the following sounds:

Korean English

/t/ and /th /t/ and /d//s/ and /h/ /f/ and /v//a/ and /2/ /i/ and /I/

Transcribe the following words carefully.

top stop determine attack[thAp] [stAp] [d@thôm@n] [@thæk]table stable astounding restitution

[theI“bl] [steI

“bl]

[@staU“ndIN] [ôEst@thuS@n]

tough stuff[th2f] [st2f]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Try to find minimal pairs for the following sounds:

Korean English

/t/ and /th /t/ and /d//s/ and /h/ /f/ and /v//a/ and /2/ /i/ and /I/

Transcribe the following words carefully.

top stop determine attack[thAp] [stAp] [d@thôm@n] [@thæk]table stable astounding restitution

[theI“bl] [steI

“bl] [@staU

“ndIN] [ôEst@thuS@n]

tough stuff[th2f] [st2f]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Rough rule: /t/ is aspirated, unless it is preceded by /s/

Precise rule complicated - deals with syllable structure

The distribution of [t] and [th] is predictable in English

/t/

[t] / s

[th] / elsewhere

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Rough rule: /t/ is aspirated, unless it is preceded by /s/

Precise rule complicated - deals with syllable structure

The distribution of [t] and [th] is predictable in English

/t/

[t] / s

[th] / elsewhere

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Rough rule: /t/ is aspirated, unless it is preceded by /s/

Precise rule complicated - deals with syllable structure

The distribution of [t] and [th] is predictable in English

/t/

[t] / s

[th] / elsewhere

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

Rough rule: /t/ is aspirated, unless it is preceded by /s/

Precise rule complicated - deals with syllable structure

The distribution of [t] and [th] is predictable in English

/t/

[t] / s

[th] / elsewhere

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

If the distribution of two sounds is predictable we say they areallophones of the same phoneme.

[t] and [th] are allophones of the phoneme /t/ in English.

/t/ and /th/ are separate phonemes in Korean.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

If the distribution of two sounds is predictable we say they areallophones of the same phoneme.

[t] and [th] are allophones of the phoneme /t/ in English.

/t/ and /th/ are separate phonemes in Korean.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 19

Phonemes and Allophones

If the distribution of two sounds is predictable we say they areallophones of the same phoneme.

[t] and [th] are allophones of the phoneme /t/ in English.

/t/ and /th/ are separate phonemes in Korean.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 19

Allophonic Distribution

Transcribe the following Korean words carefully.산 ‘mountain’ 선생님 ‘teacher’소금 ‘salt’ 음식 ‘food’신라 ‘Silla’ 수업 ‘class’

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 19

Allophonic Distribution

Transcribe the following Korean words carefully.산 ‘mountain’ [san] 선생님 ‘teacher’ [s2nsENnim]소금 ‘salt’ [sogWm] 음식 ‘food’ [WmSik^]신라 ‘Silla’ [Silla] 수업 ‘class’ [su2p^]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 10 / 19

Allophonic Distribution

Consider the following Cantonese data (tones omitted). Are [i] and [I]allophones of the same phoneme or different phonemes? If they areallophones of the same phoneme, state their distribution. If they areseparate phonemes, state your evidence.

[si] ‘poetry’ [thim] ‘sweet’[lip] ‘elevator’ [sIk] ‘eat’

[hIN>tShøy] ‘interest’ [thit] ‘iron’

[bindoU“] ‘where’ [dIksi] ‘taxi’

Phonological Rule: /i/ → [I] / {k,N}

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 19

Allophonic Distribution

Consider the following Cantonese data (tones omitted). Are [i] and [I]allophones of the same phoneme or different phonemes? If they areallophones of the same phoneme, state their distribution. If they areseparate phonemes, state your evidence.

[si] ‘poetry’ [thim] ‘sweet’[lip] ‘elevator’ [sIk] ‘eat’

[hIN>tShøy] ‘interest’ [thit] ‘iron’

[bindoU“] ‘where’ [dIksi] ‘taxi’

Phonological Rule: /i/ → [I] / {k,N}

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 19

Allophonic Distribution

Consider the following European Portuguese data. Are [d] and [t]allophones of the same phoneme or different phonemes? If they areallophones of the same phoneme, state their distribution. If they areseparate phonemes, state your evidence.

[teU“] ‘your’ [idad1] ‘age’

[kwadRu] ‘square’ [OI“tu] ‘eight’

[t5pEt1] ‘carpet’ [1Stadu] ‘state’[udiaR] ‘to hate’ [kwatRu] ‘four’

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 19

Phonological Features

Phonetic Feature - a feature that characterizes an articulatory(or acoustic) property of a phone. These tend to be universal,because we all have the same speech apparatus.

Phonological Feature - a feature that is ‘active’ in a givenlanguage. These tend to be language-specific, because differentlanguages have different grammars for their sounds.

Underlying universal set of phonological features

Current research in phonology tries to determine range ofvariation and true underlying universals

Here, we assume a universal set of phonological feature, anddepart from this assumption when the data compels us to

Natural Class - A feature (or small set of features) that a givenset of sounds has in common.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 19

Phonological Features

Phonetic Feature - a feature that characterizes an articulatory(or acoustic) property of a phone. These tend to be universal,because we all have the same speech apparatus.

Phonological Feature - a feature that is ‘active’ in a givenlanguage. These tend to be language-specific, because differentlanguages have different grammars for their sounds.

Underlying universal set of phonological features

Current research in phonology tries to determine range ofvariation and true underlying universals

Here, we assume a universal set of phonological feature, anddepart from this assumption when the data compels us to

Natural Class - A feature (or small set of features) that a givenset of sounds has in common.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 19

Phonological Features

Phonetic Feature - a feature that characterizes an articulatory(or acoustic) property of a phone. These tend to be universal,because we all have the same speech apparatus.

Phonological Feature - a feature that is ‘active’ in a givenlanguage. These tend to be language-specific, because differentlanguages have different grammars for their sounds.

Underlying universal set of phonological features

Current research in phonology tries to determine range ofvariation and true underlying universals

Here, we assume a universal set of phonological feature, anddepart from this assumption when the data compels us to

Natural Class - A feature (or small set of features) that a givenset of sounds has in common.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 19

Phonological Features

Phonetic Feature - a feature that characterizes an articulatory(or acoustic) property of a phone. These tend to be universal,because we all have the same speech apparatus.

Phonological Feature - a feature that is ‘active’ in a givenlanguage. These tend to be language-specific, because differentlanguages have different grammars for their sounds.

Underlying universal set of phonological features

Current research in phonology tries to determine range ofvariation and true underlying universals

Here, we assume a universal set of phonological feature, anddepart from this assumption when the data compels us to

Natural Class - A feature (or small set of features) that a givenset of sounds has in common.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 19

Phonological Features

Phonetic Feature - a feature that characterizes an articulatory(or acoustic) property of a phone. These tend to be universal,because we all have the same speech apparatus.

Phonological Feature - a feature that is ‘active’ in a givenlanguage. These tend to be language-specific, because differentlanguages have different grammars for their sounds.

Underlying universal set of phonological features

Current research in phonology tries to determine range ofvariation and true underlying universals

Here, we assume a universal set of phonological feature, anddepart from this assumption when the data compels us to

Natural Class - A feature (or small set of features) that a givenset of sounds has in common.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 19

Phonological Features

Phonetic Feature - a feature that characterizes an articulatory(or acoustic) property of a phone. These tend to be universal,because we all have the same speech apparatus.

Phonological Feature - a feature that is ‘active’ in a givenlanguage. These tend to be language-specific, because differentlanguages have different grammars for their sounds.

Underlying universal set of phonological features

Current research in phonology tries to determine range ofvariation and true underlying universals

Here, we assume a universal set of phonological feature, anddepart from this assumption when the data compels us to

Natural Class - A feature (or small set of features) that a givenset of sounds has in common.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}

/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}

Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Phonological Features

Consider two rules

/i/ → [̃i] / {m, n, N}/i/ → [q] / {s, i, l}Both equally easy to write

Only the first one is phonologically plausible

What do the sounds in the conditioning environment have incommon?

They are all nasal

/i/ → [̃i] / [+nasal]

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Vowel Features

[+high] – vowels that are phonetically high (close)

[+low] – vowels that are phonetically low (open)

Mid vowels are [-hi, -low]

Place features:

[+back] – vowels that are back or central, phonetically (NB: [a] isusually [+back] in most languages)

Front vowels are [−back]

[+round] – round phonetically

[+tense] – [i], [e], [u], [o], [A] - active in English and German -possibly in Cantonese, too.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 19

Consonant Features

[±voice] – refers to the activity of the vocal folds• [+voice] – vocal folds are vibrating• [−voice] – vocal folds are open

[±continuant] – refers to airflow in the oral tract• [+cont] – constant airflow in the oral tract• [−cont] – airflow is stopped along the oral tract, includes plosives, nasals, and

affricates on the IPA chart

[±sonorant] – refers to turbulence in airflow in the vocal tract• [+son] – non-turbulant air-flow, includes nasals, trills, flaps, approximants, and

vowels on the IPA chart• [−son] – strongly turbulent or blocked airflow

The term obstruent refers to those sounds that are [−sonorant].Sonorants are typically always voiced.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 19

Consonant Features

[±voice] – refers to the activity of the vocal folds• [+voice] – vocal folds are vibrating• [−voice] – vocal folds are open

[±continuant] – refers to airflow in the oral tract• [+cont] – constant airflow in the oral tract• [−cont] – airflow is stopped along the oral tract, includes plosives, nasals, and

affricates on the IPA chart

[±sonorant] – refers to turbulence in airflow in the vocal tract• [+son] – non-turbulant air-flow, includes nasals, trills, flaps, approximants, and

vowels on the IPA chart• [−son] – strongly turbulent or blocked airflow

The term obstruent refers to those sounds that are [−sonorant].Sonorants are typically always voiced.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 19

Consonant Features

[±voice] – refers to the activity of the vocal folds• [+voice] – vocal folds are vibrating• [−voice] – vocal folds are open

[±continuant] – refers to airflow in the oral tract• [+cont] – constant airflow in the oral tract• [−cont] – airflow is stopped along the oral tract, includes plosives, nasals, and

affricates on the IPA chart

[±sonorant] – refers to turbulence in airflow in the vocal tract• [+son] – non-turbulant air-flow, includes nasals, trills, flaps, approximants, and

vowels on the IPA chart• [−son] – strongly turbulent or blocked airflow

The term obstruent refers to those sounds that are [−sonorant].Sonorants are typically always voiced.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 19

Consonant Features

[±voice] – refers to the activity of the vocal folds• [+voice] – vocal folds are vibrating• [−voice] – vocal folds are open

[±continuant] – refers to airflow in the oral tract• [+cont] – constant airflow in the oral tract• [−cont] – airflow is stopped along the oral tract, includes plosives, nasals, and

affricates on the IPA chart

[±sonorant] – refers to turbulence in airflow in the vocal tract• [+son] – non-turbulant air-flow, includes nasals, trills, flaps, approximants, and

vowels on the IPA chart• [−son] – strongly turbulent or blocked airflow

The term obstruent refers to those sounds that are [−sonorant].Sonorants are typically always voiced.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±nasal] - refers to the position of the velum• [+nas] – lowered velum allowing airflow through the nasal cavity• [−nas] – raised velum allowing airflow only through the oral cavity• The nasal sounds on the IPA chart and all other sounds with the [˜] diacritic

are [+nasal].

[ ±consonantal] - refers to constriction along the vocal tract• [+cons] – enough constriction along the vocal tract to produce at least some

turbulence• [−cons] – no such constriction along the vocal tract, includes vowels, glides and

glottal sounds on the IPA chart

[ ±delayed release] refers to length of time to release airflow• [+del rel] – airflow is released slowly, includes all affricates and fricatives• [−del rel] – all other sounds

[ ±sibilant] refers to the direction of airflow in certain fricativesand affricates

• [+sib] – airflow is directed towards the tip of the teeth: s, z, S, Z, ù, ü, C, ý,>ts,

>dz,

>tS,

>dZ,

>tù,

>dü,

>tC,

>dý

• [−sib] – all other sounds

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±nasal] - refers to the position of the velum• [+nas] – lowered velum allowing airflow through the nasal cavity• [−nas] – raised velum allowing airflow only through the oral cavity• The nasal sounds on the IPA chart and all other sounds with the [˜] diacritic

are [+nasal].

[ ±consonantal] - refers to constriction along the vocal tract• [+cons] – enough constriction along the vocal tract to produce at least some

turbulence• [−cons] – no such constriction along the vocal tract, includes vowels, glides and

glottal sounds on the IPA chart

[ ±delayed release] refers to length of time to release airflow• [+del rel] – airflow is released slowly, includes all affricates and fricatives• [−del rel] – all other sounds

[ ±sibilant] refers to the direction of airflow in certain fricativesand affricates

• [+sib] – airflow is directed towards the tip of the teeth: s, z, S, Z, ù, ü, C, ý,>ts,

>dz,

>tS,

>dZ,

>tù,

>dü,

>tC,

>dý

• [−sib] – all other sounds

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±nasal] - refers to the position of the velum• [+nas] – lowered velum allowing airflow through the nasal cavity• [−nas] – raised velum allowing airflow only through the oral cavity• The nasal sounds on the IPA chart and all other sounds with the [˜] diacritic

are [+nasal].

[ ±consonantal] - refers to constriction along the vocal tract• [+cons] – enough constriction along the vocal tract to produce at least some

turbulence• [−cons] – no such constriction along the vocal tract, includes vowels, glides and

glottal sounds on the IPA chart

[ ±delayed release] refers to length of time to release airflow• [+del rel] – airflow is released slowly, includes all affricates and fricatives• [−del rel] – all other sounds

[ ±sibilant] refers to the direction of airflow in certain fricativesand affricates

• [+sib] – airflow is directed towards the tip of the teeth: s, z, S, Z, ù, ü, C, ý,>ts,

>dz,

>tS,

>dZ,

>tù,

>dü,

>tC,

>dý

• [−sib] – all other sounds

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±nasal] - refers to the position of the velum• [+nas] – lowered velum allowing airflow through the nasal cavity• [−nas] – raised velum allowing airflow only through the oral cavity• The nasal sounds on the IPA chart and all other sounds with the [˜] diacritic

are [+nasal].

[ ±consonantal] - refers to constriction along the vocal tract• [+cons] – enough constriction along the vocal tract to produce at least some

turbulence• [−cons] – no such constriction along the vocal tract, includes vowels, glides and

glottal sounds on the IPA chart

[ ±delayed release] refers to length of time to release airflow• [+del rel] – airflow is released slowly, includes all affricates and fricatives• [−del rel] – all other sounds

[ ±sibilant] refers to the direction of airflow in certain fricativesand affricates

• [+sib] – airflow is directed towards the tip of the teeth: s, z, S, Z, ù, ü, C, ý,>ts,

>dz,

>tS,

>dZ,

>tù,

>dü,

>tC,

>dý

• [−sib] – all other sounds

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±labial] refers to the participation of one or both lips in thearticulation of a sound

• [+lab] – one or both lips are involved in sound production• [−lab] – lips are not involved in sound production• The bilabial, labiodental, and all other sounds with a labial designation (such as

[w]) are [+labial].

[ ±coronal] refers to the use of the tip or blade of the tongue• [+cor] – the tip/blade of the tongue is raised, this includes all dental, alveolar,

postalveolar and retroflex consonants• [−cor] – the tip/blade of the tongue is in neutral position

[ ±anterior] refers to the place of sounds, using the alveolar ridgeas a dividing line

• [+ant] – all sounds articulated in front of and including the alveolar ridge• [−ant] – all sounds articulated behind the alveolar ridge

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±labial] refers to the participation of one or both lips in thearticulation of a sound

• [+lab] – one or both lips are involved in sound production• [−lab] – lips are not involved in sound production• The bilabial, labiodental, and all other sounds with a labial designation (such as

[w]) are [+labial].

[ ±coronal] refers to the use of the tip or blade of the tongue• [+cor] – the tip/blade of the tongue is raised, this includes all dental, alveolar,

postalveolar and retroflex consonants• [−cor] – the tip/blade of the tongue is in neutral position

[ ±anterior] refers to the place of sounds, using the alveolar ridgeas a dividing line

• [+ant] – all sounds articulated in front of and including the alveolar ridge• [−ant] – all sounds articulated behind the alveolar ridge

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±labial] refers to the participation of one or both lips in thearticulation of a sound

• [+lab] – one or both lips are involved in sound production• [−lab] – lips are not involved in sound production• The bilabial, labiodental, and all other sounds with a labial designation (such as

[w]) are [+labial].

[ ±coronal] refers to the use of the tip or blade of the tongue• [+cor] – the tip/blade of the tongue is raised, this includes all dental, alveolar,

postalveolar and retroflex consonants• [−cor] – the tip/blade of the tongue is in neutral position

[ ±anterior] refers to the place of sounds, using the alveolar ridgeas a dividing line

• [+ant] – all sounds articulated in front of and including the alveolar ridge• [−ant] – all sounds articulated behind the alveolar ridge

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±lateral] refers to the activity of the sides of the tongue• [+lat] – one or both sides of the tongue is lowered, includes all the laterals on

the IPA chart• [−lat] – the sides of the tongue are not lowered

[ ±dorsal] refers to the activity of the back of the tongue• [+dor] – the back of the tongue is raised, includes palatals, velars and uvulars

on the IPA chart• [−dor] – the back of the tongue is not raised

[ ±palatal] refers to the position of the back of the tongue• [+pal] – the back of the tongue is raised and moved forward, includes palatals• [−pal] – the back of the tongue is not raised and moved forward

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±lateral] refers to the activity of the sides of the tongue• [+lat] – one or both sides of the tongue is lowered, includes all the laterals on

the IPA chart• [−lat] – the sides of the tongue are not lowered

[ ±dorsal] refers to the activity of the back of the tongue• [+dor] – the back of the tongue is raised, includes palatals, velars and uvulars

on the IPA chart• [−dor] – the back of the tongue is not raised

[ ±palatal] refers to the position of the back of the tongue• [+pal] – the back of the tongue is raised and moved forward, includes palatals• [−pal] – the back of the tongue is not raised and moved forward

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 19

Consonant Features

[ ±lateral] refers to the activity of the sides of the tongue• [+lat] – one or both sides of the tongue is lowered, includes all the laterals on

the IPA chart• [−lat] – the sides of the tongue are not lowered

[ ±dorsal] refers to the activity of the back of the tongue• [+dor] – the back of the tongue is raised, includes palatals, velars and uvulars

on the IPA chart• [−dor] – the back of the tongue is not raised

[ ±palatal] refers to the position of the back of the tongue• [+pal] – the back of the tongue is raised and moved forward, includes palatals• [−pal] – the back of the tongue is not raised and moved forward

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 19