Post on 04-Jul-2015
Unit 1: ENERGY
1
Stop Monkey-N-ing around and
Go Green already! P.S. I’m Mookie the
Monkey
What is ENERGY? Energy is the ability
to do _______!Work!
2
Work occurs when a _____ causes an
object to _____ in the same direction as
the force.!
move!force!
3
FORMS OF ENERGY Both basic states of energy,
Kinetic and potential, can exist in many forms!!
The total ________ energy of the particles in
matter. (molecular motion)!
Kinetic!THERMAL (HEAT)
6
A type of mechanical energy. It is the
energy produced when objects ________. Ex: tuning fork, bell!
vibrate!
SOUND
7
Energy with which ______ objects perform work.!
Ex: Wind, flowing water, using a hammer!
moving!
MECHANICAL
8
A form of energy produced by
the ________ of ________!
movement!
ELECTRICITY
electrons!9
Energy STORED in chemical ____ that can be released. Ex: food, fossil fuels, battery acid!
bonds!
CHEMICAL
10
Stored energy due to a change in the shape of an object. Ex: !
_______________!A stretched rubber band!
STORED MECHANICAL ENERGY:
11
STORED MECHANICAL ENERGY:
12
A form of _______ energy that moves in a ______.!
Ex: lamp, stars!
radiant!LIGHT
wave!
13
All forms of energy that come from the ______.!SUN!
SOLAR ENERGY
14
Energy STORED in the ________ (center) of an atom.! Ex: nuclear bombs!
nucleus!
NUCLEAR
15
Heat energy STORED within the _____. Ex:!
Volcanic eruptions, geysers!Earth!
GEOTHERMAL (HEAT)
16
All forms of energy can be classified as Kinetic or potential. The two basic states of energy. So, what’s
the difference?! 17
1) Potential energy is stored energy due to
and object’s _____________!Position!
POTENTIAL ENERGY
21
2) An object that is lifted from its position on Earth
has __________ potential Energy which depends on
______ and mass!
gravitational!
POTENTIAL ENERGY
height!22
3) Massive objects have _____
potential energy than less massive
objects!
more!
POTENTIAL ENERGY
23
4) An object at a higher elevation will have
_____ potential energy than an object at a
lower elevation!
more!
POTENTIAL ENERGY
24
1) Kinetic is energy of !
___________!Motion!
KINETIC ENERGY
25
2) Kinetic depends on the _____ and the
_______ of an object. !
MASS!
KINETIC ENERGY
SPEED!
26
3) Faster objects have ____
kinetic energy than slower
objects.!
More!
KINETIC ENERGY
27
REVIEW QUESTONS:
A
B
C D
WHICH SKIIER HAS THE GREATEST KINETIC ENERGY?
WHICH SKIIER HAS THE GREATEST POTENTIAL ENERGY?
A
B
C D
Do you remember the LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY?!
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
30
Law of Conservation of ENERGY: (same for mass)
Mass/ NRG ____________ Mass/ NRG ______________
Mass/ Energy can only __________
Can’t be made Can’t be destroyed
Change form!!!
DURING ENERGY CHANGES, IF ONE BODYIS LOSING ENERGY, THE OTHER IS _______ ENERGY:
THE WAVE LOSES ENERGY:
THE SAND GAINS ENERGY
Gaining
THE WAVE LOSES ENERGY:
THE SAND GAINS ENERGY
DURING ENERGY CHANGES, IF ONE BODYIS LOSING ENERGY THE OTHER IS GAINING ENERGY:
DURING ENERGY CHANGES THE TOTAL ENERGY REMAINS THE SAME
ENERGY ALWAYS FLOWS FROM HIGH TO LOW (source to sink)
THE ENERGY WILL FLOW FROM:
THE FLAME TO THE FINGER
ICE
ENERGY WILL FLOW FROM
THE FINGER TO THE ICE
THE LIQUID LOSES ENERGY AS THE ICE GAINS ENERGY
WHEN WILL THE EXCHANGE OF ENERGY STOP? WHEN EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED
THE LIQUID AND THE ICE REACH THE SAME TEMPERATURE
Very often during the energy transformation process, some ____ energy is
produced due to friction. This is wasted energy and is lost to the environment.!
heat!
UNUSABLE ENERGY:
39
Example: A !television changes !electrical NRG! into light and! sound NRG!
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
40
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
41
Do Now: Focused Free Write What is different about how each of the three popcorns? How were they made? Explain!
Methods of Energy Transfer
Energy moves from regions of _________ concentration to ________ concentrations of energy.
high
low 44
_______ To _______
Source
sink
There are 3 methods of Energy Transfer Radiation ConDuction ConVection
ConDuction
Explanation of Transfer
Direct contact (touch) Molecule To Molecule
-Conduction is a form of heat transfer by direct _______ of molecules!
contact!
49
-Conduction occurs fastest in _______ !solids!
Best Medium for energy transfer
50
-_______ are the best conductors of he heat energy. !
metals!
51
Examples Touching a hot surface Electricity
Conduction lab:
Con ection
Explanation of Transfer Energy transfer Due to Density differences
-Convection is a form of heat transfer that occurs by up and down motions of a _______ due to differences in ______ !
fluid!
density!56
-occurs ONLY in _____ which are liquids and gases! !
fluids!
Best Medium for energy transfer
57
Examples Hot air or water rising Volcanoes Lava lamp
convection
Radiatio
Explanation of Transfer Electromagnetic (EM) waves that move Through a vacuum (empty space)
-radiation is the transfer of heat in _____.!waves!
62
-Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of ______.!
light!
63
Best Medium for energy transfer No medium needed
Examples Gamma X-rays UV Visible Infrared Microwave radio
1. HEAT: the energy of moving __________ !particles!
HEAT NOTES
66
2. HOT OBJECTS contain __________ heat than than cold ones !
more!
HEAT NOTES
67
3. All objects above __________ contain heat!Absolute zero!
HEAT NOTES
68
4. Heat always flows from ______ objects to ______ objects until the objects reach _____ temperature. !
hotter!
HEAT NOTES
cooler!
same!69
5. The greater the difference in temperature between the two objects, the _________ heat is transferred.!
faster!
HEAT NOTES
70
HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED BETWEEN
OBJECTS?
71
Heat Transfer at Work
Name that type of heat transfer!
Conduction!
Convection!
Radiation!
73
Heat Transfer across the globe http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1705/es1705page01.cfm
Specific Heat Quantity of heat needed to raise
One gram of any Substance by 1 degree Celsius
Specific Heat The higher the Specific heat… The more energy is needed to raise the temperature
Measuring Specific Heat Energy can be measures in many different ways. Typical units include:
____________________, _________________, & ___________________
Joules Watts calories
The term “Joule” is named after English Scientist James Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that Heat is a type of Energy! 1,000 joules =1 kilojoule = 1 Btu
Do Now! Read the did you know and complete practice questions 1-10!
1. What substance has the highest specific heat? Use your Reference Tables
Liquid water 4.18 Joules/gramºC
2. Why do metals have low specific heats?
They are solid
3. Why are pans made of metals with low specific heats?
Because metals are good Conductors And have low specific heats. Therefore they will heat up quickly and cook your food faster.
water
4. Which would Take more energy to raise its Temperature, water Or land?
land
5. Which would Heat up and cool off Faster, land or water?
Water (liquid) = 4.18 Iron (Fe) = 0.45 Copper (Cu) = 0.38
6. Which of these three substances will heat up fastest? Copper because it has the lowest specific heat
7. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature from 50 C to 100 C?
A. 10 grams of granite B. 10 grams of ice C. 10 grams of lead D. 10 grams of iron
8. Which pan would you use if you wanted to cook your food quickly?
copper iron
Cp = 0.38 Cp = 0.45
9. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature from 50 C to 100 C?
A. granite B. ice C. lead D. iron
10. Calculate how many joules would be required to raise 3 grams of water from 50 C to 65 C.
3 x15x 4.18 = =188.1j
PHASES OF Matter:
Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules.
B) LIQUID
A) SOLID
C) GAS
Motion How is it Does it have Volume? (Kinetic bonded? A definite energy) shape? Little K.E. Molecules vibrate
Strong yes yes
More K.E. Molecules move freely
Not bonded rigidly
no yes
Most K.E. Molecules move fast
Not bonded
no no Gas
Liquid
Solid
What are the changes of phase called?
solid liquid
liquid gas
FREEZING
MELTING
VAPORIZATION
CONDENSATION
2. ENERGY IS RELEASED (lost) DURING:
SOLID LIQUID
GAS LIQUID
FREEZING
CONDENSATION
from higher K.E. to lower K.E.
3. ENERGY IS ABSORBED (gained) DURING:
SOLID LIQUID
GAS LIQUID
MELTING
VAPORIZATION
from lower K.E To higher K.E.
Latent heat
Energy stored during a phase change is called
__________________
No change in temperature
98
TAKE OUT YOUR EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES
99
Properties of Water
(Earth Science Reference Tables : front page)
temp 0C
100
Heating Curve of Water
HEAT ENERGY ADDED
0 MELT
FREEZE
VAPORIZATION
CONDENSATION
STEAM
WATER
ICE
(Joules)
SEE EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLE:
MELTING / FREEZING
+ 334 J/gram Energy is absorbed
Energy is released
00 C 00 C - 334 J/gram
1000 C 1000 C
+2260 J/g Energy is absorbed
Energy is released
VAPORIZATION/ CONDENSATION
-2260 J/g
1. Which phase changes release energy?
2. Which phase changes absorb energy?
3. Which phase has the most K.E.?
GAS (STEAM)
freezing & condensation
Vaporization & melting
The Earth is always trying to achieve Equilibrium Energy is constantly being re-distributed flowing from source to sink
The Earth Receives Energy from two sources:
SUN
Radioactive
Energy CORE
All matter radiates some _____________ _____________ Electromagnetic
Energy
The sun emits energy in _____ wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum
ALL
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
Each type of energy differs
in its __________ wavelength
A wavelength is the distance between two crests of the wave.
Frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time.
The Sun gives off light and heat in the form of _________________ and __________________ electromagnetic energy.
VISIBLE
UV
However, the short wavelengths (dangerous UV radiation) are mostly absorbed by the ozone so they don’t reach earth’s surface
OZONE
GAMMA
The Ozone layer is found in the _________________ layer of the atmosphere.
stratosphere
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLY ABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE gamma,
OZONE
X-RAYS
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLY ABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE gamma, x-rays,
OZONE
UV
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
This energy is absorbed by Earth’s surface, which in turn reradiates the energy in the form of heat called ________________ radiation
infrared
OZONE
VISIBLE LIGHT : PASSES THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE WITH THE GREATEST INTENSITY
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
Increasingwavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasingwavelength
Heat energy that
Earth re-radiates
Sun emits all
wavelengths Infrared:
How does too Much contribute to Global warming?
CO2 H20 VAPOR
METHANE GAS
INFRARED
CO2
CO2 absorbs infrared
Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy & The Environment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ABSORBTION
REFLECTION
SCATTERING
REFRACTION
TRANSMISSION
- UV ABSORBED by OZONE IN STRATOSPHERE INFRARED ABSORBED BY
- BY CLOUDS, ICE, SNOW & WATER
- BY AEROSOLS, WATER DROPLETS, ICE CRYSTALS, AIR POLLUTANTS, DUST, POLLEN
LIGHT IS BENT AS IT MOVES THROUGH VARIED DENSITIES
WHEN ENERGY PASSES THROUGH A MEDIUM
CO2&H2O vapor methane, nitrous oxide
1. ABSORPTION
2. REFLECTION
3.SCATTERING
4. REFRACTION
5. TRANSMISSION
Less than ______of the incoming solar radiation is received by the Earth’s surface
half
Surface properties of the Earth and Absorption of Energy:
Color:
Texture:
Reflection vs. Absorption & Radiation
Rough surface absorbs smooth surface reflects
Light (white) reflects dark (black) absorbs
Absorption Good absorbers are also good re-radiators.
What type of surface is the best absorber?
What type of surface is the best reflector of radiation?
– Dark – Rough
– Light – Shiny – Flat
Snow and Ice reflect insolation and remain cold.
Pavement warms before grassy lawns.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: LAB
Increasing wavelength
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
visible
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4
gamma X ray Ultra violet
Infrared Microwaves
Radio waves
Decreasing wavelength
Spectroscope Lab
Greenhouse Effect
Short wavelength visible light enters the greenhouse, is absorbed, then re-radiated as longer wavelength infrared (heat). The glass traps the infrared.
What is Global Warming?
An ___________ in the Earth’s Average surface air temperature
increase
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
145
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Energy absorbed
HEAT IS TRAPPED BY
THE GLASS OF THE GREENHOUSE
Incoming is Short wave Ex: Visible light outgoing is
Longer wave Infrared
146
Short wave radiation like ___________ passes through the glass of a greenhouse and is _______________ by the objects inside the greenhouse.
Visible light
absorbed
147
These objects __________________ the energy as
____________________, which get reflected back into the greenhouse and warms the air.
infrared Long Wave Radiation
reradiate
148
In Earth’s atmosphere, there are many gases that act like the glass of a greenhouse and ________ long-wave radiation, keeping it in the Earth’s Atmosphere. These are known as…
trap
149
Greenhouse Gases!
150
Greenhouse Effect CO2 and H2O absorb infrared that is re-radiated from the surface of the Earth. Therefore, holding that heat in the atmosphere and raising the global temperature.
What are the Greenhouse gases?
CO2 H20 VAPOR
METHANE GAS INFRARED
Ozone
CFCs
Without some greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too _____________ for us to survive. But an overload of greenhouse gases creates a problem as well!
cold
How does too Much contribute to Global warming?
CO2 H20 VAPOR
METHANE GAS
INFRARED
CO2
CO2 absorbs infrared
Greenhouse Effect What human activities contribute to CO2
production and an increase in the greenhouse effect?
– Burning of fossil fuels – Global deforestation
If present trends continue possible effects may include
Rising sea levels due to melting polar ice caps;
Increasing frequency and severity of storms and hurricanes;
More frequent heat waves and droughts; and
Relocation of major crop growing areas.
A B c
Which of the following best represents the type of energy received by the Earth and the re-emitted by the Earth?
A B c
Which of the following best represents the type of energy received by the Earth and the re-emitted by the Earth?
A B
A) INSOLATION
C) VISIBLE LIGHT
B) ULTRAVIOLET
WHICH TYPE OF ENERGY IS REPRESENTED BY THE RADIATION AT B?
D) INFRARED ENERGY
A B
A) INSOLATION
C) VISIBLE LIGHT
B) ULTRAVIOLET
WHICH TYPE OF ENERGY IS REPRESENTED BY THE RADIATION AT B?
D) INFRARED ENERGY
An energy resource !that is
________________________________
_______.!
Being used faster than Earth Produces
it!
What is a NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE?
161
Examples:!__________________ !Fossil Fuels, minerals!
What is a NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE?
162
To make our non-renewable resources last longer we can
________________________________
_____________.!
Reduce!Reuse!
Recycle!
What is a NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE?
163
An energy resource !that is
________________________________
_______.!
Earth supplies faster than we use it
“unlimited”!
What is a RENEWABLE RESOURCE?
164
Examples: _______________________________ !Solar, wind, biomass
(trees etc..)!
What is a RENEWABLE RESOURCE?
165
A renewable resource produces less
_________ (substance that can harm living things and/or the
environment!
pollution!
What is a RENEWABLE RESOURCE?
166
Look at the pie graph!!!
Only 7% of our energy consumption is from renewable resources!!! Try to make little changes in your life to reduce your dependence on Non-Renewable Resources!
What do you plan to do?