Post on 31-Dec-2015
description
EML, IMS Learning Design and
IMS Simple Sequencing
Colin Tattersall
Educational Technology Expertise Centre
Open University of the Netherlands
Overview
AwordortwoonwhoIam EML,LearningDesign,SimpleSequencing
Whatarethey? Howdotheyrelatetoeachother? Whataretheirstrengths/weaknesses?
Summary Discussion
ColinTattersall
British,11yearsinNL; ComputerScientist; ExposuretoComputerBasedLearningand
IntelligentTutoringSystemsinlate80satCBLUnit,LeedsUniversity;
Lastfewyears:productmanageratsoftwarecompanyproducingXML-basedauthoring/contentmanagementsystems;
StartedatOUNLonNov.1st2002: OTEC,Development
Overview
AwordortwoonwhoIam EML, Learning Design, Simple Sequencing
What are they? Howdotheyrelatetoeachother? Whataretheirstrengths/weaknesses?
Summary Discussion
EducationalModellingLanguage(EML)
DevelopedbyOUNLinthelatenineties MadegenerallyavailableDecember2000
LanguagefordescribingUnits of Learning Allthecontentandprocessesinfunctionoflearningsomething
Amodeloftheactivities,content,toolsandworkflowforlearnersandstafftoaccomplishoneormorelearningobjectives
Examples:module,course,curriculum,practical,lesson,…
EducationalModellingLanguage
BroughtintothestandardisationprocessviaIMSin2001(www.imsglobal.org)
IMSgoals: “Definingthetechnicalspecificationsforinteroperability
ofapplicationsandservicesindistributedlearning” “SupportingtheincorporationoftheIMSspecifications
intoproductsandservicesworldwide”
IMSSIGonInstructionalDesignwhichledto…
IMSLearningDesignv1.0
ApprovedFebruarythe10th2003 EMLwillnownolongermaintainedorupdated EMLandIMSLearningDesignareverysimilar,
thoughtherearesomedifferences…
EMLandLearningDesign
EML IMS LD ProducedbyOUNLandmadeavailabletothelearningtechnologycommunity;
AspecificationdevelopedandpromotedbyIMS;
Containsacontentmodel,indicatinghowlearningobjectsshouldbestructured(basedontheDocBookDTD);
Nocontentmodel.UseofXHTMLrecommended,althoughothercontentsupported(egRTF);
Asingle,all-embracingapproachtodevelopinglearningexperiences;
Aframework,integratedwithIMSContentPackagingandintegratingIMSMetaData,IMSQuestion&TestInteroperability,IMSSimpleSequencingandotherIMSspecifications;
ButwhyEML/IMSLD?
Pedagogicalmetamodel Offersalevelofabstractionenablingdifferent
educationalmodelstobedescribed Softwarewhichknowsaboutthemeta-modelcan
interpretspecificmodels—modelanapproachtolearning(egproblembasedlearning)andhaveitexecuted(‘played’)
MovesthefocusfromLearningObjectstoLearningActivities….
Myfirststepsinthee-learningworld
DownloadedMicrosoft’sLRN3.0Toolkit IMSContentPackaging IMSMeta-data
Downloadedallexamplecontentpackages Thingswerelookinggood….
Thingswerelookinggood,but…
Someengagingcontent,buteachexampleseemedtobeaslightvariationoftheprevious;
Learningfeltlike(only)consumingcontent Supportoftenlookedlikepage-turning
Isthisthestyleofe-learningthattheIMSspecificationsareabout?
FromLearningObjectstoLearningActivities
Whataboutsituationsinwhichlearninghappenswithoutlearningobjects?
Whataboutwhenseverallearnerscooperatetosolveaproblem?
Wherearetheteachersandstaff?
LearningDesignmeta-model: Modellingtheperformanceofindividualandgrouplearningactivitiesdesignedtoattainlearning objectivesand,intheprocess,makinguseoflearning objects.
MakingIMS-LD‘learningexperiences’
LearningprocessesaremodelledintheIMS-LDlanguage
Thesemodelsare‘played’inanIMS-LD-awareplayer;
Analogoustomarking-uplearningmaterialsinHTMLandhavingabrowserinterpretthem
IMS-LDconcepts
Peopleactindifferentroles workingtowardscertainobjectives byperforminglearning and/or support activities withinanenvironment,consistingoflearning
objectsandservicesusedintheperformanceoftheactivities.
Analogywithaplay….
play
Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5
Role-part 1
Role-part 2
Role-part 4
Role-part 5
Role Activity Environment
Learning objects
Learning services
Activity-Description
Whodoeswhat,when?
Butwhatdostudentsandstaffsee?
Thediagramhelpstoidentifyroles,activities,acts,etc,easingthecreationofanXML-basedrepresentationofthelearningprocess;
Modellingisonething,experiencingthelearningdesignisanother;
TodaythereisnoIMS-LDplayer,but Animpressioncanbegainedthroughthe
prototypeEMLplayer…
Warning:youareabouttoseeDutchcontent
ReflectingonIMS-LDconcepts
Peopleactindifferentroles Students and facilitator
workingtowardscertainobjectives Understanding the role of learning technology standards
byperforminglearning and/or support activities Answering questions, discussing, reading, …
withinanenvironment,consistingoflearning objectsandservicesusedintheperformanceoftheactivities. Material on standards, discussion forum, …
HavingbeenintroducedtoEMLandLD,
here’sSimpleSequencing…
IMSSimpleSequencing
ReleasedMarch2003 WillbepartofSCORM1.3 “Simple"becauseitincludesalimitednumberof
widelyusedsequencingbehaviours,notbecausethespecificationitselfissimple.
WARNING:someterminologicaldifferenceswithLDahead
WhatIsSequencing?
Predictable,consistentorderinganddeliveryoflearningactivities,inaninstructionallymeaningfulmanner,regardlessofdeliveryenvironment Designers/authorsspecifysequencingbehaviorsatdesign/authoringtime.
Activitiesaresequencedattimeofdeliverydependingonspecifiedbehaviorsandthelearner’sactions.
Sequencingbehaviorsareexternalfromthecontenttoenablegreaterdegreeofgranularityandreuse
ProblemsthattheIMSSequencing
SpecificationisTryingtoSolve
Codeforsequencingisembeddedwithcodeinsidelearningresources
Sequencingbehaviorisinconsistentindifferentdeliverysystems
Modelsofsequencingareproprietaryoridiosyncratic
Modelsofsequencingbehaviorsandactivitiesarepoorlydefined
SS:Definition:ActivityTree
LMSSequencingbehaviorisdescribedintermsoftraversingthenodesofanactivitytreetodeterminewhichactivitytodelivertothelearner
SS:ContentPackageStructure
Examplesequencingbehaviour
SequencingRules
RuleshaveconditionswhicharebasedonTrackingStatus(e.g.completed,satisfied,etc.)
Rulesareevaluatedatspecifictimesduringthevarioussequencingprocesses
Rulesinclude: PreconditionRules
If…thenDisablethisactivity If…thenSkipthisactivityinflowmode If…thenStopForwardTraversal If…thenHidethisactivityfromChoice
ExitActionRule If…thenExit
PostConditionRules If…thenContinue If…thenPrevious If…thenExitAll If…thenRetry If…thenRetryAll
ExampleSimpleSequencingRules…
Satisfied–evaluates to True if the Objective Progress value of Objective Satisfied Status for the objective associated with the activity (indicated by Rule Condition Referenced Objective) is True.
Completed–evaluates to True if the Attempt Progress value of Activity Attempt Completion Status for the activity is True
Overview
AwordortwoonwhoIam EML,LearningDesign,SimpleSequencing
Whatarethey? How do they relate to each other? Whataretheirstrengths/weaknesses?
Summary Discussion
LDandSSsimilarities
Bothoffersequencingmechanisms; Botharepackagedintheorganizationssectionof
anIMSContentPackage Bothtalkaboutlearningactivities; Bothtalkaboutlearningobjectives;
It’snot…..
Simple Sequencing
Learning Design
… because SS is single learner and LD is multi-learner and so there are things in LD which can’t be modelled in SS
“SS does not address synchronization between multiple parallel learning activities … simple sequencing recognizes only the role of the learner” (SCORM 1.3)
Butisit…..
Learning Design
Simple sequencing
Can everything that can be done in SS also be done in LD?
Orisit…..
Are there things in SS which can’t be done in LD?
Learning Design
Simple sequencing
IMSLearningDesignisaFramework
AnIMSLearningDesigncan/islikelyto: BepackagedinanIMSContentPackage UseIMSMeta-datatodescribevariouselements IncorporateIMSQTIassessments UseIMSReusableDefinitionofCompetencyofLearning
ObjectivetodescribeLearningObjectives MappropertiestoIMSLearnerInformationPackage
elements
Andmay… IncludeIMSSimpleSequencing…
SSinLD
Sub-manifests AcontentpackageusingLDcontainsasub-manifestthatusedSS,etc.
InanLDinstancedocument. insidetheenvironmentselements,
usedtosequencelearningobjectsanditemscontainedinthelearningobjects.
withinthelearningobjectelement usedtosequenceitemsthatarecontainedwithinalearningobject.
Placesrequirementsonruntimeengine
Overview
AwordortwoonwhoIam EML,LearningDesign,SimpleSequencing
Whatarethey? Howdotheyrelatetoeachother? What are their strengths/weaknesses?
Summary Discussion
multipleusers singleuser
multipleroles singlerole(learner)
unlimitednumberofproperties
fixedsetofpropertiesintrackingmodel
nodetailedbehaviouralmodel(lefttoimplementers)
detailedbehaviouralmodel
NoSCORMplansyet PlannedforSCORM1.3
EduBoxPlayer,WebMCQtools
GIUNTI,IBMenginesbeingbuilt
LDandSS
Whentousewhichone?
Multipleusers/roles:IMSLearningDesign Singleuser:choice
Externalrequirements:SCORM1.3 Whichplayersareavailable? Whichexamples/tutorialsareavailable
Bothlikelytohavetheirmarkets WhataboutusingSSinLD?
Throughsub-manifests?NotUnlikely WithinanLDinstance?Unlikely
Overview
AwordortwoonwhoIam EML,LearningDesign,SimpleSequencing
Whatarethey? Howdotheyrelatetoeachother? Whataretheirstrengths/weaknesses?
Summary Discussion
Summary
LDisapproved:learningandteachingaregettingattention; Opportunitytomoveawayfromdesigningforlone-
learnersreadingfromscreenstofocusontheperformanceofindividualandgrouplearningactivities
designedtoattainlearningobjectives Horsesforcourses:
LDandSSwillhavetheirownniches IMSawareofterminologyissues
Overview
AwordortwoonwhoIam EML,LearningDesign,SimpleSequencing
Whatarethey? Howdotheyrelatetoeachother? Whataretheirstrengths/weaknesses?
Summary Discussion