Post on 26-Dec-2015
Electrochemical systems
for energy storage devices
A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, A.P. Nowak, M. Wilamowska, K. Szybowska
Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty
Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Energy sources can be divided into three broad categories
Chemical (oxidizing some reduced substance) or photophysical
energy (absorbing sunlight to generate either heat or electricity)
Nuclear reactions (splitting heavy nuclei or by fusing light
nuclei)
Thermomechanical (wind, water, or geological sources of steam
or hot water)
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
1) Generation
2) Transmission
3) Convertion
4) Storage (mechanical, chemical, and thermal)
5) Consumption
Steps in electric energy consume:
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
The storage techniques can be divided into four categories
1) Low-power application in isolated areas, essentially to feed transducers
and emergency terminals,
2) Medium-power application in isolated areas (individual electrical
systems, town supply),
3) Network connection application with peak leveling,
4) Power-quality control applications.
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application)
Pumped hydro storage (PHS) – uses for high power applications with 60-85%
of conversion efficiency
Pump-storage power
station in Żarnowiec
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) – high power applications,
energy density ~ 12 kWh/m3 with efficiency 70%
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application)
Energy storage using flow batteries (FBES)
Regenesys Technologies (England) ~ 120MWh with 75% effficiency
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for high and medium power application for
peak leveling)
Fuel cells – Hydrogen energy storage (FC– HES)
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC),Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC),Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC),Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC),Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC),Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Main components:1) Electrolyzer (to produce hydrogen),2) Fuel cell (to consume hydrogen),3) tank (to store hydrogen if needed)
FC-HES is a low-efficiency solution:Electrolyzer (70%)The fuel cell (50%)Total efficiency ~ 35%
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for low and medium power application)
Chemical storage - transform chemical energy into
electrical energy using Faradaic process
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems (for low and medium power application)
Ox + ne- = Red
Batteries
- Primary (source of the energy)
- Secondary (storage and source of the energy)
(lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride,
nickel–iron, zinc–air, iron–air, sodium–sulphur,
lithium–ion, lithium–polymer, etc.)
(+) high energy densities up to 200 Wh/kg (lithium)
(-) low cycleability (up to 4000 cycles)
Batteries
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Lithium and Lithium-ion batteries (for 3 C technologies)
ItemPanasonic(cylindrical)
Panasonic(prismatic)
Nominal voltage 3.6 – 3.7 V 3.6 – 3.7 V
Nominal capacity
720 – 3100 mAh
920 – 1950 mAh
Mass 18 – 95 g 16 – 39 g
ItemSony
(Li-Ion)
Sony
(Li-polymer)
Nominal voltage 2.5 – 4.2 V 3.0 – 4.2 V
Nominal capacity
1600 - 2550 mAh
830 – 1050 mAh
Mass 44 – 90 g 14.3 – 22.5 g
ItemA123Systems
(cylindrical)A123Systems(prismatic)
Nominal voltage 3.3 V 3.3 V
Nominal capacity
1100 – 2300 mAh
20 Ah
Mass 39 – 70 g -
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Lithium and Lithium-ion batteries in the future
Nowadays the challenge is to obtain material for high power and high
energy application able to be used in electric vehicles
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/lithium-ion_battery_factory.php
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Lithium-ion batteries (materials)
Specific capacity[mAh/g]
Potential[V]
cathode
LiCoO2 155 3.5 – 4.3
LiMn2O4 140 3.7 – 4.3
Li(Co,Ni)yMn2-yO4 160 4.5 – 5.0
LiMnPO4 150 3.6 – 4.4
LiFePO4 170 3.0 – 3.3
LiNixCoyAlzO2 180 3.6 – 4.2
anode
graphite 350 0.1 – 0.22
hard carbons > 350 0.6
lithium 3800 0
Li4Ti5O12 155 1.5
Li4.4Si 4200 0.3
LiSiCN 550 0.1 – 0.4International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Chemical storage (Photovoltaic cells) - transform solar energy into electrical energy
Problem:To store excess of the energy in one device!!!
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electricity storage systems
Bifunctional TiO2 for energy storage
Materials: WO3, MoO3, phosphotungstic acid (PWA),
Mechanism of energy storage of TiO2/WO3 composite system
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Schematic Diagram of the Photoelectrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Generation
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
‘I believe that water will one day be used as a
fuel because the hydrogen and oxygen which
constitute it, used separately or together, will
furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and
light. I therefore believe that, when coal
deposits are oxidised, we will heat ourselves
by means of water. Water is the coal of the
future’
‘L’Ile Mysterieuse’, Jules Verne 1875,
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Vis UV
EVis=1.15 V
EUV=0.15 V EUV-Vis=1.30 V
Meh
cf
TiO
2
Cur
rent
col
lect
or
hv
Combine photoanode system
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
electrochemical double layer
capacitors (EDLC)
pseudo–capacitors
Electrochemical capacitors – store energy in the form of an electric field
Electricity storage systems
Electrochemical capacitors
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC)
- store energy using ion adsorption (no faradaic (redox) reaction)
- high specific surface area (SSA) electrodes (carbon)
100 – 120 F/g (nonaqueous electrolyte)
150 – 300 F/g (aqueous electrolyte)
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
pseudo–capacitors (store energy using fast surface redox reactions )
- redox reaction occurs at the surface of the active material (metal oxides (RuO2,
Fe3O4, MnO2), conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene etc.)
Metal oxides:
Capacity 1300 F/g (RuO2)
Nominal voltage 1.2 V
Conducting polymers:
Capacity 30 – 40 mAh/g
Nominal voltage 1.0 V
Materials
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Electrochemical capacitor Battery
Charge time 70% charged in seconds hours
Discharge time short long
Charge/discharge cycles 10000-1000000 500-1000
Pollutants none metals
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
BatterySupercapacitor
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
pseudo–capacitors
(hybrid systems consisted of organic and inorganic conducting materials, e.g.
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified with transition metal hexacyanoferrate*
Electricity storage systems
* M. Wilamowska, A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, J. Power Sources, 194 (2009) 112-117
** Snook et al. Electrochem Commun., 9 (2007) 83-88
* ~ 90 F/cm3
Micro-nanoporous pEDOT**
100 F/cm3
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
http://www.citytransport.info/Electbus.htm
Supercapacitors – alternative way for public transport
Prototype Shanghai super-capacitor electric bus at a recharging station
Costs ~ 8000 € (after 12 years one may save 160 000 €)Speed (max) 45 km/hCapacity 6 Wh/kgDistance (max) 5-9 kmCharging time 5-10 min
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Supercapacitors for wind power station
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Supercapacitors for solar power station
Production Application
Supercapacitors
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Summary
1 hour3.6 s
41 days
Supercapacitors
Batteries
Flow batteries
Pumped hydro storageCompresed air energy storage
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |
Our laboratory members
Prof. A. Lisowska-Oleksiak
and the team
International EcoEnergy Clusters Meeting | 12.05.2010 |