Post on 18-Dec-2015
Lightning• Stepped Leader: Path of ionized air.
– large number of quick jumps, each up to 50 meters long.
– branch into a number of paths.– takes (100’s of milliseconds) to
descend. – almost invisible compared
• Positive Streamers arise as the leader approaches the ground due to the intense electric field created by the approaching leaders.
• circuit is closed, and the main lightning stroke follows with much higher current.
• Negative lightning contains a number of re-strikes along the same channel creating a strobe effect.
Lightning• Positive
– - 300 kiloamperes of current(10 times more current than neg. lightning)
– transfers a charge of up to 300 coulombs– potential difference up to 1 gigavolt – lasts for hundreds of milliseconds– discharge energy of up to 3x1011joule.
Lightning• No, no, no. This
sucker's electrical, but I need a nuclear reaction to generate the 1.21 gigawatts of electricity I need.
What is Electrical Charge?
• There are two types of electric charges– positive charges– negative charges
• LIKE charges REPEL each other.(positive-positive; negative-negative)
• UNLIKE charges ATTRACT each other (positive-negative)
Electric Forces
+ -
+ -Opposites charges attract
Fundamentals of Electricity• Protons carry a
fundamental positive charge.– Baryon (3 quarks)
• Electrons carry a fundamental negative charge.– Leptons
• Neutrons carry no net charge.
Proton
Quarks
+1
(+⅔ +⅔ -⅓) u u d
ElectronLepton
-1
Neutron
Quarks
0
(+⅔ - ⅓ - ⅓) u d d
Atomic Structure
?
• Protons, neutrons and electrons are found within atoms
• Protons are in the center with neutrons and are tightly bound in the nucleus
• Electrons, however, are much smaller and move around the nucleus, and therefore, can be easily lost or gained.
• Therefore, when a negative charge is gained (-) electrons are gained, and when a positive charge is gained (+) electrons are lost
How is Charge Measured?
• The unit of charge in the SI system of measurement is the coulomb (C)
• The charges of protons and neutrons are denoted as (e) elementary charges
• 1 elementary charge is 1.6 x 10-19 C.
• 1 coulomb (C) = 6.25 x 1018 elementary charges.
Fundamentals of Electricity
• The proton has a positive elementary charge.
• The electron has a negative elementary charge.
• The neutron has a net charge of zero.
Proton + 1.6 x 10-19 C
Electron - 1.6 x 10-19 C
Neutron 0
Q = ne
Q is the charge of object (in coulombs)
n is the number of elementary charges
e is the elementary charge
Q = ne
How many excess electrons are on an object with a charge of - 8.0 x 10-19 C
Transfer of Electric Charge
• Materials with a mobile sea of free electrons, are called conductors.– Metals, 1028 /m3
• Materials with few free electrons are called insulators– rubber, silk, glass,
plastic
Law of conservation of Charge
During any charging process or interaction between matter the net charge of the system must remain constant.
Electrification by Friction• Two neutral objects (ex. hair and balloon)
are rubbed together
0
0- 5pC + 5pC
Electrons are transferred from one object to another, resulting in equal magnitude, but opposite, charges.
Charge by Contact• A Negatively charged sphere touches a
positive sphere of the same surface area.
-7pC
+ 4 pC- 18pC
+ 7pC
Electrons are transferred from the sphere with more negatives to the sphere with less negatives, resulting in
equal magnitude of Charge.
Charge by Contact• A Negatively charged rod touches a neutral
electroscope.
Electrons are transferred from the rod with more negatives to the device with less negatives. The leaves of
the scope acquire a negative charge and repell.
Charging by Induction• A Negatively charged rod is brought near a
neutral sphere.
Electrons are forced from the
left side of the sphere to the right side,
charge separation
A Ground connection is
made. And the electrons
“escape” to ground,
neutralizing the right side of the
sphere.
The charged rod is removed and the net positive
charge is re-distributed
Charging by Induction• A neutral conducting plate is brought near
a negatively charged insulator plate.
Electrons are forced from the bottom of the
conductor to the top side.
charge separation
A Ground connection is
made. And the electrons
“escape” to ground,
neutralizing the top side of the
plate.
The plate is removed and the
net positive charge is re-distributed
• Using two metal spheres and a charged object, how could you charge one sphere positive and one negative? Answer
Electric Forces
+ -
+ -Opposites charges attract
Coulomb’s Law• Between two point charges the force of
attraction is proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
r
Force of repulsion is equal in magnitude on both charges regardless of the charge.
q1 q2
Coulomb’s Law• F = kq1q2 /r2
• Electrostatic constant k = 8.99 x 109 Nm2/C2
• Click on Link Above for Example.
r
Force of repulsion is equal in magnitude on both charges regardless of the charge.
q1 q2
The Electric Field
+
+
The Electric Force per
unit charge, where the
test charge is a positive
point charge.
TEST CHARGE
E = F/q
Electric Field is a vector quantity
The Electric Field
+
+
The Electric Field around a point charge
obeys an INVERSE SQUARE LAW
Field lines point away from
positive charges
E = kq/r2
E = F/q
Electric Field Rules
+ test charge
+
Line Density shows relative field strength
Field lines never cross
Start and end on surface of a conductor at
90o
Directed away from positive
Electric Potential
+
Electric potential lines form right angles with Electric lines of force.
Equipotential lines
Electric potential is the
Energy per unit charge.
V = W/q
Electric Field lines
Electric Potential is a
Scalar quantity
Electric Potential
+
Equipotential lines around a point charge form right angles with Electric lines of force.
Equipotential linesV = W/q
Electric Field lines
Electric Potential is a
Scalar quantity
Electric Potential Energy• W = F d,
• U = kq1q2 /r
r
The potential energy stored in the system of both charges regardless of the charge.
q1 q2
Electric Potential Energy• W = F d,
• U = kq1q2 /r
r
The potential energy stored in the system of both charges regardless of the charge.
q1 q2
Electric Field Formulas
• F = kq1q2 /r2
• E = kq/r2
• E = F/q
• U = kq1q2 /r
• V = kq/r
• V = W/q
E = V/d
Vectors Scalars
Experiments
Faraday’s Cage - Shielding• An external electrical field causes the charges to
rearrange which cancels the field inside.
Coaxial Cables
• Wire mesh is grounded.
• Copper wire is shielded.
Faraday’s Cage - Shielding• Airplanes act as Faraday cages, protecting
passengers from lightning strikes.
Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment
• Click Link• Showed the existence of an elementary charge