Berlin: Egyptian Museum

Egypt: “Gift of the Nile”, Herodotus

Hail to you, O Nile, that issues from the earth and comes to keep Egypt alive!

He that waters the meadows that Re created….

He that makes to drink the desert and the place distant from water….

Canal Flooding

Papyrus

Irrigated Fields

Fishing & Hunting

Natural BountyNatural Bounty

Communication

Ancient Egyptian sail boat, from about 2000 BC

Felucca

Only invasion rout

1500 Years of Safety Made Egyptians

•Early Dynastic-  3000-2780 BC - dynasties I - II •  Old Kingdom - 2780 - 2254 BC - dynasties III - VI •  First Intermediate period - 2254 - 1991 BC - dynasties VII - XI

• Middle Kingdom -1991 - 1778 BC  - dynasty XII • Second Intermediate period - 1778 - 1573 BC - dynasties XIII - XVII

•New Kingdom - 1573 - 1085 BC - dynasties XVIII - XX

SecondIntermediate

Period

FirstIntermediat

ePeriod

Early Dynasty

First Intermediate

Middle Kingdom

Second Intermediate

New Kingdom

Late Dynasties

OLD

KIN

GD

OM

UNITY through the god‑king Pharaoh

The Narmer Palette Namer or Menes, architect of Egyptian

unity

3000-2780 BC dynasties I - II

2780-2254 BCdynasties III - VI

Symbolic of the unification

Narmer Palette

Hymn to the PharaohHymn to the Pharaoh

He has come unto us and has united the Two Lands….

He has come unto us and has brought the Black Land under his sway; he has apportioned to himself the Red Land….

He has come unto us and has made Egypt to live; he has banished its suffering….

Khafre, Gizeh, Egypt, Dynasty IV Ca 2520-2495 BC

(i) every living pharaoh was God Horus

(ii) every dead pharaoh was God Osiris

(a) must preserve his physical remains to supply him in the next

life(b) pyramids built to house body and

goods

(iii) source of all law (iv) guarantor of orderly world, ma'at

Pharaoh: The God‑King

                                   

                Amun

                                   

                Anubis

                                   

                Bastet

                                   

                Bes

                                      

                                                      Geb

                                   

                Hapy

                                   

                Hathor

                                   

                Horus

                                   

                Isis

                                   

                Khepri

                                   

                Khnum

                                   

                Ma'at

                                   

                Nephthys

                                      

                                                      Nun

Egyptian Gods… They worshipped thousands of gods, goddesses, spirits

Re, sun god (i) Osiris, father of Horus, god of underworld (ii) Isis, mother of Horus

a. Horus, guarantor of balance and harmony

b. Seth, brother and murderer of Osiris

Amun-Re

Isis and Horus

Aten

1. mastaba, the traditional tomb

2. step pyramid four step pyramid. enlarged to six step

3. Smooth surfaced pyramid

Development of Tombs of Pharaohs.

Various Possible Methods of Pyramid Construction

Preparation of dead

Early Dynasty

Old Kingdom

Middle Kingdom

Second Intermediate

New Kingdom

Late Dynasties

2254-1991 BCdynasties VII-XI

The sage Ipuwer indignantly described the turmoil: The door-keepers say: "Let us go and plunder." The washerman refuses to

carry his load… Strangers have become Egyptians everywhere… The high-born are full of lamentations, and the poor are full of joy. Every town says: "Let us drive out the powerful from our midst." . . . Laughter has perished and is no longer made. It is grief that walks through the land, mingled with lamentations.... They who had clothes are now in rags. He who wove not for himself now possesses fine linen…

financial exhaustion political unrest

Relief showing Relief showing men, women, men, women, and children and children suffering from suffering from the effects of the effects of severe faminesevere famine

Early Dynasty

Old Kingdom

First Intermediate

Second Intermediate

New Kingdom

Late Dynasties

1991-1778 BCdynasty XII

public works democratization of religion

Fayum

Fayum

Rembrandt van Rijn(1606-1669)

Abraham

There was famine in the country, and Abram went down to Egypt… Gn 12:10-13

Abraham and Sara in Egypt in 1875 B.C. SDA Commentary, I, 192

Early Dynasty

Old Kingdom

First Intermediate

Middle Kingdom

Second

Intermediate

New Kingdom

Late Dynasties

1778-1573 BC dynasties XIII - XVII

From 1700 B.C. on Semitic immigrants and invaders entered Egypt

One such group:

HyksosThe Hyksos introduced: • the horse and chariot,• the compound bow,• fortification techniques

Hyksos King

Hyksos capital Avaris (modern Tall ad-Dab'a). Excavations since the 1960s have revealed a Canaanite-style temple, Palestinian-type burials, including horse burials, Palestinian types of pottery, and quantities of their superior weapons.

Joseph and the Hebrews came into Egypt during the Hyksos period

SDA Commentary I, 192

“Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Since God has made all this known to you, there is no one so discerning and wise as you. You shall be in charge of my palace, and all my people are to submit to your orders. Only with respect to the throne will I be greater than you.” Genesis 41:39-40

“…So then, it was not you who sent me here, but God. He made me father to Pharaoh, lord of his entire household and ruler of all Egypt. Now hurry back to my father and say to him, ‘This is what your son Joseph says: God has made me lord of all Egypt. Come down to me; don’t delay.” Genesis 45:4-9

Early Dynasty

Old Kingdom

First Intermediate

Middle Kingdom

Second Intermediate

New Kingdom

Late Dynasties

•1573-1085 BC •Dynasties:• XVIII - XX

Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 -

1546

Chased out HyksosHebrew associates in troubleHatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483

Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450

Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346

NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty

Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325

Ahmose I

Ahmose I, being depicted as fighting back the Hyksos.

Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 - 1546

Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483 SDA Commentary I, 192Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450

Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346

NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty

Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325

Hatshepsut with beard

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahari

Moses’ name occurs 900 times in the Bible!

Nearly half of the 66 books of the Bible mention his name!

YET – no mention in any contemporary secular document

Moses being placed in NileMichelangelo, Moses

Hebrews 11:26-27

[[26] He thought it was better to suffer 26] He thought it was better to suffer

for the sake of the people than to own for the sake of the people than to own

the treasures of Egypt, for he was the treasures of Egypt, for he was

looking ahead to the great reward that looking ahead to the great reward that

God would give him. [27] It was by faith God would give him. [27] It was by faith

that Moses left the land of Egypt. He that Moses left the land of Egypt. He

was not afraid of the king. Moses kept was not afraid of the king. Moses kept

right on going because he kept his eyes right on going because he kept his eyes

on the one who is invisible.on the one who is invisible.

Liberated and unified Egypt - ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 - 1546

Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483

Tuthmosis III 1483 – 1450 MOSES FLED TO MIDIAN SDA Commentary I, 192

NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty

Relief of Tuthmosis IIIElephantine Island, Temple of Satis,

Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346

Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325

Amenhotep II 1450-1419

Mummified head of Thutmose III.

Thutmose III.

Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 - 1546

Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483

Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450

Amenhotep II Exodus SDA Commnetary I, 192

NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty

Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325

Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV)

“the Heretic King" 1350 –46

1450 - 1419 BC

Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 - 1546

Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483

Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450

Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) “the Heretic King" 1350 – 1346

NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty

Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325

•Amenhotep IV became Akhenaten, “who serves Aten (pure, sun disk) willingly.”•Akenaten suppressed other gods

•New capital Akhetaten, to emphasize break with old ruling regime

Tell el-Amarna

Small Temple of the Aten at Akhetaten

Akhenaton

Akhenaton and his family worshiping Aten

Thou appearest beautifully on the horizon of heaven, Thou living Aton, the beginning of life! When thou art risen on the eastern horizon, Thou hast filled every land with thy beauty. Thou art gracious, great, glistening, and high over every land;Thy rays encompass the lands to the limit of all that thou hast made:

The Great Hymn to the Aten

Akhenaton

Nefertitiwife of Akhenaton

Akhenaten Revolution in Art:

Greater Naturalism

Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes

Ahmose I 1570 - 1546

Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483

Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450

Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346

NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty

Tutankhamun “King Tut" 1334 - 1325

Tutankhamen, the Boy King

Kiya, lesser wife of Akhenaten was Tutankhamun's mother.

NefertitiPrincipal WifeAkhenaten

Tutankhamun

Family Tree of Tutankhamun

Tutankhamun began life with the name Tutankhaten (“Living Image of the Aten”) as son of the heretic King Akhenaten and his lesser wife Kiya. He grew up at Akhetaten, the controversial new capital city.

Tutankhamun’s Early Reign

After Akhenaten’s passing, the ten-year-old Tutankhaten ascended the throne of Egypt.

Tutankhamun as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt

Near the time of his father’s death, Tutankhaten married Ankhsenpaaten—probably his half-sister and the daughter of Akhenaten by Nefertiti, the famous beauty and chief wife.

Back to Polytheism

No More Aton

Restoring Traditional Beliefs

One of Tutankhaten’s first actions as pharaoh was to move away from the Amarna religion, because his father's belief in one god, the Aten, had proved to be quite unpopular with the people.

Tutankhaten quickly re-established the orthodox belief in the pantheon of the gods and reopened their temples. By his second year, King Tutankhaten and his queen had changed their names to Tutankhamun and Ankhsenamun.

Although they did not abandon Amarna completely, members of the royal family re-established the old capitals and now spent most of their time at the traditional administrative center of Memphis.

Tut’s Death and Burial

After a nine-year reign, the boy king passed away unexpectedly before reaching his twentieth birthday.

Coffinette for the Canopic of Tutankhamun

This miniature coffin in the form of Osiris held the liver of King Tutankhamun. One of four containers, this one has texts invoking protection from Imsety, a son of Horus, and Isis, the wife of Osiris.

Canopic Stopper of Tutankhamun

The Outer Coffin

Tutankhamun Tomb

Lord Carnarvon

Howard Carter

Financier and Discoverer

Valley of the Kings

Valley of the Kings

Karnak

Luxor

Valley of the Kings

Tutan

kham

en

Tomb

Tutankhamun Tomb

Howard Carter’s discovery of King Tut’s tomb.

The Initial Discovery: Stairway

On the morning of November 4, 1922, a young boy arrived at the site with jars of water for the workers. As he cleared a space for the jars, he found the top of a step cut into the bedrock. Soon afterward, Carter arrived and directed his men to clear away the sand, uncovering eleven more steps leading to a doorway blocked with stones and plaster.

First Glimpse into the Tomb (corridor)

After making a small hole, Carter peered inside and saw a corridor filled with rubble. He curbed his impatience, had his men refill the stairway, and sent the momentous telegram to Lord Carnarvon in England:

“AT LAST HAVE MADE WONDERFUL DISCOVERY IN THE VALLEY, A MAGNIFICENT TOMB WITH SEALS INTACT; RECOVERED SAME FOR YOUR ARRIVAL; CONGRATUATIONS!

Lioness CouchCow Couch

The Outer Coffin

Innermost Coffin

Tutankhamun's second sarcophagus. Differences in its facial features suggest that it was probably intended for someone else.

Tutankhamun's third, innermost sarcophagus.

Beaten from heavy gold sheet, it weighs 110.4 kg.

1 sarcophagus, and 3 coffins protected the mummy

The second Outside Coffin

Outer Coffin

Burial Chamber

sarcophagus

sarcophagus

The First Look at the Mummy

The third and final coffin was of solid gold and covered in sticky, hardened black resin. With great difficulty, the lid of the inner coffin was finally raised to reveal King Tutankhamun’s mummy. More black resin covered the body inside and adhered the king’s head to his gorgeous gold funerary mask.

Recent examination showed a compound fracture of the left thigh. Setting in infection could have killed him

Cause of Tutankhamun’s death:

A 1968 x-ray seemed to show damage to the base of the skull, perhaps due to a blow to the head but CT scans in 2005 have disproved that theory.

Tut’s CurseTut’s Curse“They who enter this sacred tomb shall swift be visited by the wings of death.”

Supposed message written in ancient hieroglyphics on the outside of the tomb

There was one inscription found on an Anubis shrine that stated:

"It is I who hinder the sand from choking the secret chamber.  I am for the protection of the deceased".

Anubis shrine

When Howard Carter opened the tomb, his pet canary was swallowed by a cobra.  Cobras, as the goddess Wadjet, were the protectors of the Pharaoh. 

Lord Carnarvon Died at 57 died of pneumonia in Cairo on April 5th, 1923, four months after the discovery of the tomb. It was said that at the moment of his death, the lights went out in Cairo and that back in England his dog, Susie, howled and died in the same instant.

Howard Carter died at 65 of natural causesAccording to Newspapers, 26 people associated with the find died within a decade of its discovery.  In reality, only six people died during this first decade, while many others lived to an old age. 

This falcon collar of sheet gold, fashioned for the burial, wrapped around the neck of Tutankhamun’s mummy

Decorated Chest

Personal Objects

Chair with Footrest

Seti I 1291 -- 1278

Ramses II “the Great" 1278-1212

Merneptah 1212 -- 1202

18th Dynasty Ahmose I 1570 -- 1546

Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 - 1483 Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450 Akhenaton the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346 Smenkhkare 1336 -- 1334 Tutankhamun, King Tut" 1334 - 1325 Horemheb 1321 - 1293

19th Dynasty

Ramses II smiting enemies

Ramses II

Ramses II temple at Abu Simbel

Ramses II

Merneptah 1212-

1202

Stela-Merneptah

The earliest reference to Israel as an entity outside the Bible.

“Israel is laid waste and its seed is not”

1) Archbishop James Ussher: Exodus 1491 BC

2) Oppressor: Thutmose III (1502- 1448 BC)

Exodus: Amenhotep II (18th Dynasty) 1450 - 1419 BC

[few scholars]

3) Oppressor: Ramses II (19th Dynasty)(1301- 1234)

Exodus: Merneptah –After Crisis in Egypt [most scholars]

– Better fits Egyptian history– Better fits Palestinian archaeology

Toward the end of the New Kingdom, the pharahonic system of Government was beginning to show signs of wear. Military and Political power declined.

Invasions of the Sea Peoples. 1200 B.C.

Libyan dynasties 940‑730 B.C.

Nubian dynasties 760‑656 B.C.Nubians and Assyrians struggle for control 671‑663 b.c.

Egyptian recovery: the Sauté Pharaohs 664‑525 BC.

Persian conquest of Egypt 525 B.C.Ptolemies after the conquest by Alexander the Great 332 B.C.

Cleopatra

ROMAN CONQUEST AND CONTROL, 68 B.C.

Jesus Flight into Egypt

Herod the Great,

37 to 4 BC.

Egypt under ROMAN CONTROL

Egyptian Christians believe that the Patriarchate of Alexandria was founded

by Mark the Evangelist around 33, but little is known about how Christianity entered Egypt. Originally the Christians in Egypt were predominantly influenced by  Gnosticism .

By 200 it is clear that Alexandria was one of the great Christian centers. The Christian apologists Clement of Alexandria and Origen both lived part or all of their lives in that city, where they wrote, taught, and debated.

A mosaic in St. Mark's, Venice, shows St. Mark taking gospel to Alexandria ...