Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching

Chapter ObjectivesChapter ObjectivesDefinitions of educational technology Identifying the component parts of a

computer systemFunctions of a given systems deviceClassifying computer softwareDescribing the contributions of educational

technologistsClassifying educational technology

products

Technology in Education:Technology in Education:

Concepts and Definitions

Educational Technology has no agreed upon definition.

•

“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets,

instrument, machines, and devices….most (educators) will

defer to technology as computers”

-- Muffoletto(1994)-p.5 Integrating Education -- Muffoletto(1994)-p.5 Integrating Education Technology into Teaching (IETIT) Technology into Teaching (IETIT)

““Only about a decade ago, a history of technology in

education since 1920 placed the emphasis on radio and

television, with computers as an afterthought .”

--Cuban, 1986--Cuban, 1986 (IETIT) p.5

However, Saettler (1990) urgesHowever, Saettler (1990) urges

“The historical function of “The historical function of educational technology is a educational technology is a

processprocess rather than a product.” rather than a product.”

Any useful definition of educational technology, therefore, must focus on the process of applying tools for educational purposes, and the materials used.

In education, the combination of process and product merges instructional procedures with instructional tools.

Technology in Education as Technology in Education as Media and Audiovisual Media and Audiovisual

CommunicationsCommunications

Audiovisual movement: ways of delivering information that could be used as alternatives to lectures and books.

Audiovisual communications: the “branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.” (Saettler, IETIE,p6)

AECT- Association for Ed. Commo. and Technology.

Technology in Education as Technology in Education as Instructional SystemsInstructional Systems

1960s and 1970s Human and non-human resources

( teachers and media).Systematic approach to designing,

developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.

International Society for Performance Improvement.

Validating and creating instruction.

Technology in Education as Technology in Education as Vocational Training ToolsVocational Training Tools

Technology in Education:

1. School learning prepares students for the world of work.

2. Vocational training can be a practical means of teaching.

ITEA (International Technology Education Association).

Technology in Education as Technology in Education as Computers and Computer-based Computers and Computer-based

SystemsSystems

Instructional and supportive applications of computers.

Computers began to be used in classrooms in 1960s until 1990

and was known as educational computing.

By the mid-1990s, educational computing became known

as educational technology.ISTE (International Society for

Technology in Education) holds the following views:

Approaches to Technology in Approaches to Technology in EducationEducation

An emphasis on Computer An emphasis on Computer SystemsSystems

Computers as media are becoming more complex and more capable.

Computer systems are subsuming other forms of media.

The perceived complexity of computer-based systems has made it more difficult for educators to effectively integrate software and computer media into classrooms.

Background on Background on Computer-based Computer-based

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

What’s a Computer??What’s a Computer??

Hardware Providing the Electronic Capability

SoftwareCommunicating with the Hardware

Any electromechanical device that accepts input, processes input and produces output.

Software in a Computer SystemSoftware in a Computer System

Systems Software ( Types of Operating Systems)

Applications Software (used for Education, Entertainment, or Edutainment)

Systems Software (Types of Systems Software (Types of Operating Systems)Operating Systems)

Unix Ms-DOSApple Dos, ProDOSMacintosh DOS, System 7Windows 95

Applications Software for Applications Software for EducationEducation

Tool Software:1. Word Processing

2. Spreadsheets

3. Database Management

4. Integrated Packages

5. Graphics Software

6. Communications Software

7. Other Tools

Applications Software for Applications Software for Education( cont.)Education( cont.)

Programming Software:1. BASIC

2. Logo

3. FORTRAN

4. COBOL, SNOBOL

5. C

6. Pascal

7. PL/1

Applications Software for Applications Software for Education( cont.)Education( cont.)

Courseware:

1. Tutorial

2. Drill & Practice

3. Simulation

4. Instructional Games

5. Problem Solving

Hardware: Hardware: Providing the Providing the Electronic CapabilityElectronic Capability

1. Input functions: • Keyboard • Mouse • Joystick and game paddle • Bar-code reader • Scanner • Touch screen and light pen

Hardware: Hardware: Providing the Providing the Electronic Capability (cont.)Electronic Capability (cont.)

2. Output Functions • Printers • Monitors

3. Input and Output Functions• Disk drives

The CPU’s StepsThe CPU’s StepsStep 1.

The controller gets an instruction from the system’s internal memory and puts it in a register.

Step 2.

The controller directs the ALU to do necessary computations.

Step 3.

The controller gets the result from the register and stores it once again in internal memory.

CPU Central Processing UnitCPU Central Processing Unit

ALU : stands for Arithmetic/Logic

UnitControl Unit: directs the activities of

the whole system.

The Internal and External The Internal and External Memory and Communication Memory and Communication

FunctionsFunctionsThe internal memory functions:

A limited amount of space is arranged inside the computer for storage of instructions. For example: RAM and ROM.

The external memory functions:

External storage devices can store larger quantities of information. For Example: Hard Disks and CD-ROM.

The Internal and External The Internal and External Memory and Communications Memory and Communications

FunctionsFunctions

The communications function is optional, but it is vital for communicating with other systems. For example: Modem and Fax.

Software: Software: Communicating with the Communicating with the HardwareHardware

Programming Languages:

Low-Level languages (Machine and Assembly).

High-Level languages (Java, Cobol, VC++ and Fortran ).

Types of Software

Systems Software Acts as a visible interface between

the machine and the user. Applications Software Programs written to do tasks, such

as word processing or drawing pictures.

Software DesignSoftware Design

Step 1. Analyzing the problem

Step 2. Developing the algorithm

Step 3. Coding

Step 4. Testing

Step 5. Revising and Debugging

Types of Computer SystemsTypes of Computer Systems

Personal ComputersMini and Mainframe ComputersSupercomputers–Cost , the number of users that can be

supported, size, speed, and storage capacity distinguish between these.

The Developments During the Period before Microcomputer

IBM 1500 system in universities andStanford University and the CCCControl Data Corporation (CDC) and

the PLATO SystemBrigham Young University and the

TICCIT SystemComputerized instructional

management systems

The “Microcomputer Revolution” in Education

The Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) and the software publishing movement.

MicroSIFT, EPIE, and other courseware evaluation efforts.

Courseware authoring activities.

The “Microcomputer Revolution” in Education

(cont.)

The Computer Literacy MovementLogo and Problem-SolvingThe emergence of integrated

learning systems.

What Have We learned from the Past ?

Direct technology resources to specific problems and needs

Anticipate and plan for changeSeparate fad from fact

Current Types of Educational Current Types of Educational Technology SystemsTechnology Systems

Standalone Personal ComputersStandalone Personal Computers

Portable units (PDAs)WorkstationsLabs

Networked Stations: From LANs to MANs

“Networks are for sharing”(Kee 1994), and this sharing was designed to make computing activities more efficient and cost-effective.

A network centralizes resources and cuts down on handling of individual disks.

Types of LANs

Physical design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Physical design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Physical design

Types of LANs (Cont.)

Function (transmission method or protocol)

* Token ring method

* Ethernet method

Three kinds of cable for Three kinds of cable for connecting LANsconnecting LANs

Coaxial cable: Designed to transfer signals with minimal interference.

Twisted pair cable: An inexpensive way of handling ARCnet, Ethernet, and token ring connections.

Fiber optic cable:Allow networks to send large amounts of information at high speeds.

Current Applications of Current Applications of Educational Technology Educational Technology

SystemsSystems

--Instructional software

--Interactive video-based materials

--Courses through distance learning– Productivity Tools:

--Prepare print instructional materials

--Keep records and analyze data

--Prepare and make instructional and informative presentations

--Organize time and materials

Instructional Technology Applications:

– Tools for Students:-- Writing assignments

-- Helping with research

-- Assisting with learning tasks in various content areas

-- Developing products and presentations.

-- The End ---- The End --