Education and “skills”

• Merchants

• Artisans

• Farmers

• Shi 士 (literati)

Education as Institution Building

•Building•Staffing•Funding•Admission •Curriculum•Certification

Founding of State Prefectural and County Schools

• Prefecture 1044• Yiwu 1049• Dongyang 1049• Pujiang 1060?• Jinhua county 1072• Lanxi 1102?• Wuyi 1102?• Yongkang 1105

Wuyi County Seat, 1804

Examination levels

Jin shi 進士Literatus Present to Court

PalaceMinistry of Rites

Ju ren 舉人Recommended Man

Prefectural Candidate 鄉貢

Province 道 / 路 /省

Prefecture 州 /府

County 縣(Sheng yuan 生員 )Stipendiary Student

Examination Content

Three days of tests

• Confucian Texts

• Literary Composition

• Treatises on Policy, History, and Scholarship

Education as Social Process

• Personal transformation

• Social differentiation

• Community formation

Jinshi degreesSong and Yuan(without Lanxi data)

Jinshi totals Wuzhou/Jinhua fu

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1042

1053

1073

1088

1103

1112

1121

1132

1142

1151

1160

1169

1175

1184

1193

1199

1202

-05

1211

1220

1229

1241

1250

1259

1265

-74

1274

1385

Quotas and ratios

• Northern Song quota (prefectural passes): about 7

• Southern Song quota (prefectural passes): 14

• Prefectural pass/fail ratio in the late 12th century: 1/200

Recruitment

Students

Numbers• In 1290 there were 216,228 registered households

in Wuzhou-lu (=Jinhua Prefecture)• In 1350 a “Rat’s Tail Register” was created which

listed households from wealthiest to poorest based on total land and the number of adult males. On this basis their service obligation was defined

• The total number of those liable for service ( 役者 ) was 12,668 names ( 名 ), with 4300 names being moved down from liable to non-liable And 3460 names being moved up from non-liable to liable

• Thus only 5 percent of the households were wealthy enough to be liable for service.

“Education”and Agency

• Instruction 教化

• Study 學習• Teaching 為師• Learning 求學

Private Academies 書院• Appearing in Southern Song, continuing

into the early 20th century, revivals today

• Generally privately funded

• Less test-based; do not offer certification

• Responsive to new intellectual trends

4 categories of bibliography

• Classics

• Histories

• Schools of Philosphy/Practice

• Literary Collections

Three areas of theory and practice

• Literary/cultural studies 文學， • Affairs of government 政事， • Moral conduct 德行

Education as Teaching and LearningLü Zuqian as a teacher

• School rules

• Literary anthology ( Song wen jian 宋文鑒 )

• Institutional history (Lidai zhidu ciangshuo 歷代制度詳說 )

• Neo-Confucian primer (Jin si lu 近思錄 )