Transcript of Economics presentations
- 1. MONETARY POLICY The concept of Monetary Policy Monetary
Policy consists of the actions and decisions made by the government
to create appropriate monetary conditions.
- 2. It is usually based on the countrys fiscal policy. In the
Philippines, the monetary policy is implemented by the Monetary
Board through the Central Bank of the Philippines
- 3. Objectives of Monetary Policy More stable price level
Opportunity for full employment Low and stable rate of
inflation
- 4. Orderly foreign exchange market Stable foreign exchange
market Adequate level of foreign exchange reserves.
- 5. Tools of Monetary Policy The central bank or the monetary
authorities of a country have three(3) instruments or tools by
which they can influence the money supply.
- 6. First Tool: Open Market Operation In this tool, the central
bank may buy or sell government bonds or securities or instruments
in the open market.
- 7. Second Tool: Changing the Reserve Ratio Banks are required
by the government to have reserves, which means that they should
set aside a certain percentage of the amount of deposits they
have.
- 8. This percentage is called reserve ratio. Third Tool: The
Discount Rate Commercial banks also borrow money, but not only from
the central bank.
- 9. Situation A: Recession Buy Securities RECESSION Reduce
Reserve Ratio Lower Discount Rate
- 10. During a recession, the central bank may buy securities to
increase the reserves, reduce the reserve ratio to further increase
their reserves,
- 11. and lower the discount rate to encourage commercial banks
to borrow from the central bank to add to their reserves.
- 12. Situation B: Inflation Sell Securities INFLATION Increase
Reserve Ratio Raise Discount Rate
- 13. During inflation, the central bank may sell securities to
reduce the reserves of commercial banks, increase the reserve ratio
to further decrease theirs reserves,
- 14. and raise the discount rate so that commercial banks will
not be encouraged to borrow from the central bank.
- 15. Philippines Monetary Policy As mandated by R.A. 7653, the
main objective of this is to promote a low and stable inflation and
price stability to a balanced and sustainable growth of the
economy.
- 16. The Inflation Target The inflation target set by the BSP is
based on the average year-on-year change in the consumer price
index (CPI) over the calendar year.
- 17. The Monetary And Financial Sectors The Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas is only the central financial authority in the
country.
- 18. However, it is not the only financial institution that
offers monetary and financial services. There are also institutions
called banks, which are also a main component of the countrys
monetary sector.
- 19. The Philippines Banking System Universal and Commercial
banks -These have the largest resources and offer the widest
services.
- 20. Thrift Banks - consist of savings and mortgage banks,
private development banks, stock savings and loan associations and
microfinance thrift banks.
- 21. Rural and Cooperative Banks - these are very popular in the
provinces and in rural areas.
- 22. Microfinance Banks -are the latest in the banking system
and focus on providing loans and financial services for the
microenterprises of low-income individuals and families
- 23. Aside from those, there are also other financial
institutions that provide financing. First is Cooperatives, which
are organized by the people themselves who become partowners or
shareholders.
- 24. Pawnshops also provide small loans to people on the basis
of a physical collateral or guarantee, such as jewelry or household
appliances.
- 25. Learning About Money money makes the world go round
- 26. What is money? In economics, money may be defined as
follows: Money is any common medium of exchange acceptable in
payment for goods/services/for the settlement of debts.
- 27. Money is what we use to buy things with. Money is anything
generally acceptable as a medium of exchange.
- 28. Although money may not be used in all economic activities,
it is money which makes economic transactions easier.
- 29. Functions of Money Medium of Exchange -this is the foremost
function of money. -it serves as a convenient tool for the exchange
of goods.
- 30. Measure of Value -people use money as a standard in
measuring the value or worth of goods and services.
- 31. Store of Value -money is a good way to store wealth because
it is very liquid, meaning the moment you have it you can
immediately spend it.
- 32. Features of Money General Acceptability - individuals and
businesses accept money as part of long business practice, and
generally trust its value, anywhere.
- 33. Legal Tender - money is declared as a legal tender by
government, which means that its acceptability and legality are
derived from the law.
- 34. Divisibility - money, even when divided into denominators,
has the quality of divisibility.
- 35. Recognizable - part of the acceptability of money is its
being recognizable by all sectors of the economy.
- 36. Money in the Philippines The basic unit of monetary value
in the Philippines is the peso, represented by the letter P
traversed by an equal sign.
- 37. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas As part of the countrys
monetary policy, the money supply is controlled and managed by the
central bank.
- 38. Highlights of Central Banking History 1990 The First
Philippine Commission placed all banks under the Bureau of
Treasury. 1929 The Bureau of Banking under the Department of
Finance
- 39. 1939 Under the Commonwealth government 1946 a joint
PhilippineAmerican Finance Commission 1947 Central Bank council was
formed.
- 40. 1948 a bill establishing the Central Bank of the
Philippines was submitted to Congress by Pres. Roxas. 1949 The
Central Bank of the Philippines was formally inaugurated.
- 41. 1972 Presidential Decree No. 72 was issued. 1981
Presidential Decree No. 1771 was issued 1986 composition of the
Monetary Board was amended.
- 42. 1993 The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas was formally
established.
- 43. Vision and Mission of the BSP VISION The BSP, imbued with
the values of integrity, excellence and patriotism, aims to be a
world-class monetary authority
- 44. And a catalyst for a globally competitive economy and
financial system that delivers a high quality of life for all
Filipinos.
- 45. MISSION BSP is committed to promote and maintain price
stability and provide proactive leadership in bringing about a
strong financial system conductive to a balanced and sustainable
growth of the economy.
- 46. Towards this end, it shall conduct sound monetary policy
and effective supervision over financial institutions under its
jurisdiction.
- 47. Overview of BSP Functions and Operations Liquidity
Management Currency Issue Lender of Last Resort Financial
Supervision Management of Foreign Currency Reserves
- 48. Determination of Exchange Rate Policy Other Activities
- 49. The Monetary Board Chairman: Amando M. Tetangco, Jr.
Members: Cesar V. Purisima Alfredo C. Antonio Ignacio R. Bunye
Peter B. Favila Felipe M. Medalla Armando L. Suratos
- 50. Major Functions: 1. Issue rules and regulations. 2. Direct
management, operations, and administration of BSP 3. Establish a
human resources management system
- 51. 4. Adopt an annual budget and authorize such expenditures
by BSP 5. Indemnify its members and other officials of BSP
- 52. The Governor The governor is the chief executive officer of
BSP and is required to direct and supervise the operations and
internal administration of BSP.
- 53. Governor's duties and responsibilities: 1. Prepares the
agenda 2. Executes and administers policies and measures 3.
Appoints and fixes the remunerations and other emoluments
- 54. 4. Renders opinion, decisions, or rulings 5. Exercises such
other powers 6. Represents the Monetary Board and BSP 7. Signs
contracts
- 55. Advocacies of the BSP The BSP has advocated projects on
poverty alleviation, anti-money laundering, and public financial
literacy.
- 56. International Financial Bodies And Foreign Aid Efforts to
better economies of nations are also made by international
financial bodies, which put a great deal into helping, particularly
on the development side through foreign aid.
- 57. Some of these international financial bodies are the
following: World Bank- an international institution that provides
financial aid and technical assistance to developing countries all
over the world.
- 58. International Monetary Fund -this is actually a specialized
agency of the UN, the objective of which is to promote
international monetary cooperation and the growth of world trade,
and coordinate multilateral payment among member states.
- 59. Foreign Loan Providers - these are countries which provide
development loans or credits to less developed countries or
LCDs.
- 60. Among the criticisms of foreign aid are the following: 1.
2. 3. 4. Too much dependency Too much intrusion Too much
bureaucracy Too much corruption