Energy Conservation BuildingCode [ECBC]

Hisham AhmadEnvironmental Design Solutions [EDS]

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What are Energy ConservationBuilding Codes?

ECBC set minimum energy efficiencystandards for design and construction

ECBC encourage energy efficient designor retrofit of buildings so that It does not constrain the building function,

comfort, health, or the productivity of theoccupants

Has appropriate regard for economicconsiderations

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Power of Central Govt.

POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO FACILITATE ANDENFORCE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AND ITSCONSERVATION

14. Power of Central Government to enforce efficient use of energyand its conservation.- The Central Government may, by notification,in consultation with the Bureau,-

(p) prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use ofenergy and its conservation in the building or building complex;

(q) amend the energy conservation building codes to suit theregional and local climatic conditions;

(r) direct every owner or occupier of the building or building complex,being a designated consumer to comply with the provisions ofenergy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy andits conservation;

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Power of State Govt.

POWER OF STATE GOVERNMENT TO FACILITATEAND ENFORCE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AND ITSCONSERVATION

15. Power of State Government to enforce certainprovisions for efficient use of energy and itsconservation.- The State Government may, bynotification, in consultation with the Bureau-

(a) amend the energy conservation building codes to suitthe regional and local climatic conditions and may, byrules made by it, specify and notify energy conservationbuilding codes with respect to use of energy in thebuildings;

(b) direct every owner or occupier of a building or buildingcomplex being a designated consumer to comply with theprovisions of the energy conservation building codes;

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ECBC Scope

Mandatory Scope Covers commercial buildings Connected load in excess of 500kW

or

Contract demand in excess of 600 kVA

Recommended for all buildings with conditioned area>1000m2

Applies to New Construction only

Building components included Building Envelope (Walls, Roofs, Windows)

Lighting (Indoor and Outdoor)

Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)System

Service Water Heating and Pumping

Electrical Systems (Power Factor, Transformers)

International Experience

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History of Building Energy Codes

Before the 1973 Oil Shock, only a fewcountries in Europe had energyrequirements for buildings, which weretypically simple insulation requirements.

After 1973, widespread use of BuildingEnergy Codes: North America (US and Canada)

ASEAN and Asia

South Asia and Pacific Islands

Caribbean and Latin America

Europe, Middle East and North Africa

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20

30

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50

60

70

80

90

100

1975 1980 1989 1999

ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1:Estimated Savings

40% from 1975 Construction

5% from Standard 90-1975

20% from Standard 90-1980

6-9% from Standard 90-1989

Total60%

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The California Experience

Because of its energystandards and otherprograms, California hasexperienced “flat” per-capita growth in energyconsumption since thelate 1970’s, in spite oflarger homes, biggerrefrigerators and manyother amenities

During this same timeperiod, the rest of theUnited States hasexperienced a 50%increase in per capitaenergy consumption.

ECBC India

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ECBC development Process

An extensive data collection was carriedout for construction types and materials,glass types, insulation materials, lightingand HVAC equipment

Base case simulation models weredeveloped

The stringency analysis was done throughdetailed energy and life cycle costanalysis.

A stringency level for each codecomponent was established

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Five climate zones1. Composite (Delhi)

2. Hot Dry (Ahmadabad)

3. Hot Humid (Kolkata),

4. Moderate (Bangalore)

5. Cold (Shillong)

GeographicalVariations

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MandatoryMandatory

ProvisionsProvisions

(required for most

compliance options)

Building System Compliance Options

Energy CodeCompliance

PrescriptivePrescriptiveOptionOption

Energy CostEnergy CostBudgetBudget

Trade OffTrade OffOptionOption

SimplifiedSimplified

Envelope

HVAC

Lighting

SWH

Power

Other

Compliance Options

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Prescriptive Compliance

Prescriptive requirements for all therelevant sections must be met individually.

A simple checklist form for demonstratingcompliance

Easy to use, but restrictive: no flexibility inapproach

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Trade-off Process

The compliance can be demonstrated at asystem level.

Trade-off between component of a systemis allowed

Simple spreadsheet based calculationscan be sufficient

Slightly more effort required, but offersgreater flexibility

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Whole Building Compliance (EnergyBudget Method)

Compliance is demonstrated for the wholebuilding

The overall target of energy use(kWh/year) is to be met; irrespective of thecompliance at the component level

Whole building energy simulation isrequired

Offers great flexibility, but requires muchgreater effort, knowledge, and simulationexperience

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Budget Building Criteria

Design Energy Cost Energy Cost Budget

*Unless glazing area in budget designrequires adjustment

Identical

SurfacesOrientations*

Identical

WeatherSchedulesEnergy rates

Proposed DesignMeets mandatory requirementsAs designed:Envelope/Lighting/HVAC/SHW

Budget Building DesignMeets mandatory requirementsMeets prescriptive requirements :Envelope/Lighting/HVAC/SHW

Simulation Model Simulation Model

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The Budget Building and Proposed

Building must be identical in terms of:

Occupancy schedules

Weather file

Building geometry

Purchased energy rates

Simulation software

Methodology

ECBC Impact

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National Impact Potential

The average energy use (lighting andHVAC) for typical commercial building is200 kWh/sq. meter/year.

Mandatory enforcement of ECBC shalleasily reduce the energy use by 30-40% to120-160 kWh/sq. meter/year.

Nationwide Mandatory enforcement ofECBC will yield a saving of 1.7 billion kWhfor 2005-2006.

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25%-40% Reduction in Building EnergyUse

NationalEnergySavings

CodeStringency

Level ofCompliance

AdoptionRate

= X X

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Impact of Energy Codes

Market Development for EE products Building Insulation

Energy Efficient Windows (Glass and Frames)

High-Efficiency HVAC Equipment

Improved Design Practices Lighting and Daylighting

Natural Ventilation/Free-Cooling Systems

Improved Performance

Improved Power Factor

Lower HVAC Loads

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Encourage Environmentally SensitiveDesign

The most cost effective way to meet theECBC requirement would be to designbuildings with appropriate regard to climateand sun.

A design not sensitive to sun and climatewill have to invest more to meet theminimum ECBC standard

This will encourage environmentallysensitive design and architecture

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Typical Implementation Schedule

Phases

1 Development

2 Implementation Preparation

3 Enforcement

4 Revisions

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Years

5 6 7 81 2 3 4

Implementation

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Barriers to ECBC Implementation

Strong first cost bias

Lack of availability of efficient products

Lack of equipment testing & certification.

Lack of energy expertise

Lack of awareness, info. and tools

Electricity rate structures / rural subsidies

Territoriality by agencies

Potential code official abuses

Lack of government & utility “Champions”

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Proposed Comprehensive Program toImplement the Energy Code

Traditional Energy Code Enforcement Government buildings – enforced by agency

Private & Institutional buildings – enforced vialocal code process

Utility hookup enforcement

Market programs Demonstration Building Programs to Transform

Markets

DSM Programs (Design Assistance / Rebates)

Green Building Rating Systems

Energy Labeling Schemes (1-5 Star)

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ECBC Development: Next Steps

Checking and Certification Systems forEquipment and Systems

Capacity building of State and Municipalimplementing agencies

Design Manuals, Software, and Trainingand Technical support for Architects,Engineers, and Code Officials

Awareness programs for building owners,designers, and users

ECBC HIGHLIGHTS

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ENVELOPE

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Envelope

Mandatory Requirement Envelope sealing

Test methods for measuring thermalperformance

Prescriptive Requirements

Roof Insulation

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Roof RequirementTable 4.3.1 Roof assembly U-factor and Insulation R-value Requirements

Climate ZoneHospitals, Hotels, Call

Centers (24-Hour)Other Building Types

(Daytime)

Maximum U-factor of

theoverall

assembly(W/m2-°C)

Minimum R-value ofinsulation

alone(m2-°C/W)

Maximum U-factor of the

overallassembly

(W/m2-°C)

Minimum R-value ofinsulation

alone(m2-°C/W)

Composite U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1

Hot and Dry U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1

Warm andHumid U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1

Moderate U-0.409 R-2.1 U-0.409 R-2.1

Cold U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1

See Appendix D.3 for typical complying roof constructions.

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Wall RequirementsTable 4.3.2 Opaque Wall Assembly U-factor and Insulation R-value Requirements

Climate ZoneHospitals, Hotels, Call

Centers (24-Hour)Other Building Types

(Daytime)

Maximum U-factor of

the overallassembly

(W/m2-°C)

Minimum R-value of

insulationalone

(m2-°C/W)

Maximum U-factorof the overall

assembly(W/m2-°C)

Minimum R-value of

insulationalone

(m2-°C/W)

Composite U-0. 440 R-2.10 U-0.440 R-2.10

Hot and Dry U-0.440 R-2.10 U-0.440 R-2.10

Warm andHumid U-0.440 R-2.10 U-0.440 R-2.10

Moderate U-0.431 R-1.80 U-0.397 R-2.00

Cold U-0.369 R-2.20 U-0.352 R-2.35

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Glazing RequirementsTable 4.3.4-1 Vertical Fenestration U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in

W/m2-°C)

Climate Maximum U-factor

MaximumSHGC

WWR<40%

Maximum SHGC40%<WWR<60%

Composite 3.3 0.25 0.20

Hot & Dry 3.3 0.25 0.20

Warm & Humid 3.3 0.25 0.20

Moderate 6.9 0.40 0.30

Cold 3.3 0.51 0.51

Minimum Visible Light Transmittance

Window-Wall-Ratio Minimum VLT

>30% 0.27

31%-40% 0.20

41%-50% 0.16

51%-60% 0.13

>61% 0.11

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Glazing Requirements

Overhangs and/or side fins may be applied indetermining the SHGC for the proposed design.

Exception to SHGC Requirements in § 4.3.4:Vertical Fenestration areas located more than2.2 m (7 ft) above the level of the floor areexempt from the SHGC requirement in Table4.3.4-1, if the following conditions are compliedwith: Total Effective Aperture Glare/ solar control

Minimum Visible Transmission: To permit theuse of available daylighting in place of electriclighting, glazing products used in offices, banks,libraries, classrooms with predominant daytimeusage, must have the minimum visualtransmittance (VT), defined as function ofwindow area

HEATING, VENTILATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING

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HVAC

Mandatory Requirements Ventilation (Natural or Mechanical)

Minimum Equipment Efficiencies

Controls

Thermostats

Timeclocks

Pipe and Duct Insulation

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HVAC

Prescriptive Requirements Outside Air Economizers

Variable speed drives for large pumps and fans

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Minimum Efficiency for ChillersEquipment Class Minimum

COPMinimum

IPLV

Air Cooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons) 2.90 3.16

Air Cooled Chiller ≥530 kW (≥150 tons) 3.05 3.32

Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW(<150 tons)

5.80 6.09

Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and <1050kW ( ≥150 and <300 tons)

5.80 6.17

Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW(≥ 300 tons)

6.30 6.61

Reciprocating Compressor, Water Cooled Chillerall sizes

4.20 5.05

Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, WaterCooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons)

4.70 5.49

Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, WaterCooled Chiller ≥530 and <1050 kW (≥150 and<300 tons)

5.40 6.17

Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, WaterCooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW (≥ 300 tons)

5.75 6.43

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Unitary Air Conditioning Equipment

Equipment Class MinimumCOP

MinimumIPLV

Test Standard

Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥19and <40 kW ( ≥5.4 and <11 tons )

3.08 ARI 210/240

Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥40to <70 kW (≥11 to <20 tons)

3.08 ARI 340/360

Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥70kW ( ≥20 tons)

2.93 2.99 ARI 340/360

Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner<19 kW (<5.4 tons)

4.10 ARI 210/240

Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner≥19 and <40 kW ( ≥5.4 and <11tons )

4.10 ARI 210/240

Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner≥<40 kW ( ≥11 tons )

3.22 3.02 ARI 210/240

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Controls

All mechanical cooling and heating systemsshall be controlled by a timeclock that: Can start and stop the system under different

schedules for three different day-types per week,

Is capable of retaining programming and time settingduring loss of power for a period of at least 10 hours,and

Includes an accessible manual override that allowstemporary operation of the system for up to 2 hours.

Exceptions: Cooling systems < 28 kW (8 tons)

Heating systems < 7 kW (2 tons)

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Cooling Tower

All cooling towers and closed circuit fluidcoolers shall have either two speedmotors, pony motors, or variable speeddrives controlling the fans.

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Ductwork Insulation

Table 5.2.4.2 Ductwork Insulation ( m2-°C/W)

Required Insulationa

Duct Location Supply Ducts Return Ducts

Exterior R-1.4 R- 0.6

Unventilated Attic with Roof Insulation R- 0.6 No Requirement

Unconditioned Spaceb R- 0.6 No Requirement

Indirectly Conditioned Spacec No Requirement No Requirement

Buried R- 0.6 No Requirement

a Insulation R-value is measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with ASTMC518 at a mean temperature of 24C (75F) at the installed thickness

b Includes crawlspaces, both ventilated and non-ventilatedc Includes return air plenums with or without exposed roofs above.

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Economizers

Each individual cooling fan system that has a designsupply capacity over 1,200 l/s (2,500 cfm) and a totalmechanical cooling capacity over 22 kW (6.3 tons) shallinclude either: An air economizer capable of modulating outside-air and

return-air dampers to supply 100 percent of the design supplyair quantity as outside-air; or

A water economizer capable of providing 100% of the expectedsystem cooling load at outside air temperatures of 10°C (50°F)dry-bulb/7.2°C (45°F) wet-bulb and below.

Exception to § 5.3.1.1: Projects in the Hot-Dry and Warm-Humid climate zones are

exempt. Individual ceiling mounted fan systems < 3,200 l/s (6,500 cfm)

are exempt.

Where required by 5.3.1.1 economizers shall becapable of providing partial cooling even whenadditional mechanical cooling is required to meet thecooling load.

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Variable Flow Hydronic Systems

Chilled or hot-water systems shall be designed forvariable fluid flow and shall be capable of reducingpump flow rates to no more than the larger of: 50% of the design flow rate, or the minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for

proper operation of the chillers or boilers.

Water cooled air-conditioning units with a circulationpump motor greater than or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp) shallhave two-way automatic isolation valves on each unitthat are interlocked with the compressor to shut offcondenser water flow when the compressor is notoperating.

Chilled water or condenser water systems that mustcomply with either 5.3.2.1 or 5.3.2.2 and that havepump motors greater than or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp)shall be controlled by variable speed drives.

SERVICE HOT WATER ANDPUMPING

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Service water heating

Mandatory Requirements Solar water heater or heat recovery for at least

20% of the design capacity

Minimum efficiency for service water heatingequipment

Piping insulation

Pool covers for heated swimming pools, exceptwhen heated with solar or site-recovered heat

LIGHTING

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Lighting

Mandatory Requirements Each space enclosed by ceiling-height partitions

shall have at least one control device toindependently control the general lighting withinthe space.

Automatic Lighting Shutoff for Interior lightingsystems for contiguous spaces larger than 500m2 (5,000 ft²)

Luminaires in daylighted areas greater than 25m2 (250 ft2) shall be equipped with either amanual or automatic control

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Lighting for all exterior applications notexempted in § 7.4 shall be controlled by aphotosensor or astronomical time switch

Following lighting applications shall be equippedwith a control device to control such lightingindependently of general lighting:

Display/Accent Lighting

Case Lighting

Hotel and Motel Guest Room Lighting

Task Lighting

Nonvisual Lighting

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Internally-illuminated exit signs shall not exceed5 Watts per face.

Exterior Building Grounds Lighting should havea minimum efficacy of 60 lm/W unless theluminaire is controlled by a motion sensor

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Lighting Power RequirementTable 7.3.1 Interior Lighting Power - Building Area Method

Building Area Type LPD (W/m2) Building Area Type LPD (W/m2)

Automotive Facility 9.7 Multifamily 7.5

Convention Center 12.9 Museum 11.8

Court House 12.9 Office 10.8

Dining: BarLounge/Leisure 14.0

Parking Garage3.2

Dining: Cafeteria/FastFood 15.1

Performing Arts Theater17.2

Table 7.3.2 Interior Lighting Power – Space Function Method

Space Function LPD(W/m2)

Space Function LPD(W/m2)

Lobby 14.0 Hospital

For Hotel 11.8 Emergency 29.1

For Performing ArtsTheater 35.5

Recovery8.6

For Motion PictureTheater 11.8

Nurse Station10.8

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Table 7.4 Exterior Building Lighting Power

Exterior Lighting Applications Power Limits

Building entrance (with canopy) 13 W/m2 (1.3 W/ft2) of canopied area

Building entrance (without canopy) 90 W/lin m (30 W/lin f) of door width

Building exit 60 W/lin m (20 W/lin f) of door width

Building facades 2 W/m2 (0.2 W/ft2) of vertical facade area

ELECTRICAL POWER

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Mandatory Requirements Transformers

Maximum Allowable Power Transformer Losses

Energy Efficient Motors

Power Factor Correction: All electricity suppliesexceeding 100 A, 3 phase shall maintain their powerfactor between 0.95 lag and unity at the point ofconnection.

Check-Metering and Monitoring

APPENDICES

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ECBC APPENDIX

Definitions, Abbreviations, And Acronyms

Climate Zone Map Of India

Prescriptive Compliance Forms

Building Envelope Tradeoff Method

Whole Building Performance Method

ECBC can be downloaded fromwww.bee-india.nic.in

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Impact on HVAC Sizing

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Typical Building Plan

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Roofs

Description

Net Area(m²)

U-factor(W/m²-°C)

East Roof 113.934 2.605

SouthRoof 265.31 2.605

Core Roof 491.512 2.605

Walls

Description Net Area (m²)U-factor

(W/m²-°C)

wall East 183.78 2.767

wall North 367.533 2.767

Building Envelop- Non ECBC Compliant

Windows

Description Area (m²)U-factor

(W/m²-°C) SHGC OrientationExteriorShades

ProjectionFactor

WindowsSouth 177.12 6.121 0.810 South None

WindowsWest 78.72 6.121 0.810 West None

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Transient Thermal Behavior-Non ECBC Compliant Building

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Internal Gains – ECBC Non Compliances

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Fabric and Ventilation - ECBC Non Compliances

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Roofs

Description Net Area (m²) U-factor (W/m²-°C)

East Roof 113.934 0.150

west Roof 113.934 0.150

North Roof 265.31 0.150

South Roof 265.31 0.150

Core Roof 491.512 0.150

Curtain Walls, Other Walls

Description Net Area (m²) U-factor (W/m²-°C)

wall East 183.78 0.250

wall West 183.78 0.250

wall South 367.533 0.250

wall North 367.533 0.250

Windows

Description Area (m²)U-factor (W/m²-

°C)SHG

C OrientationExteriorShades Projection Factor

WindowsSouth 177.12 2.440 0.595 South yes

WindowsNorth 177.12 2.440 0.595 North yes

Window East 78.72 2.440 0.595 East yes

WindowsWest 78.72 2.440 0.595 West yes

Building Envelop- ECBC Compliant

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Transient Thermal Behavior-ECBC Compliant Building

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Internal gains – ECBC Compliance

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Fabric and Ventilation- ECBC Compliances

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Zone Description ECBC Compliant ECBC Non Compliant

Block Zone DesignCapacity (kW) DesignCapacity (kW)

GroundFloor GF East 4.40 9.61

GroundFloor GF West 5.45 11.64

GroundFloor GF Core 13.61 28.96

GroundFloor GF North 8.48 18.48

GroundFloor GF South 8.50 18.50

MiddleFloorMiddle

East 4.53 10.29

MiddleFloorMiddle

West 5.51 12.41

MiddleFloorMiddle

Core 13.91 31.97

MiddleFloorMiddle

North 8.67 20.22

MiddleFloorMiddle

South 8.69 20.06

TopFloor Top East 4.64 11.39

Thanks

Hisham Ahmad

Environmental Design Solutionshisham@edsglobal.com

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