Post on 01-Apr-2015
1E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Excreta Disposalin Emergencies
Session 8
Operation & Maintenance
2E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Operation & maintenance
What does O&M cover?
North Sudan, Medair
3E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Operation & maintenance
• Cleanliness• Hygiene promotion• Participation and
ownership• Supervision• Hand washing
• Menstrual hygiene• Fly control• Anal cleansing
material• Access & lighting• Fill rate & life span• Desludging.
4E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Latrine Attendants
– Over 60,000 people– 95 attendants– 3 attendants per block,
working 3 shifts a day– Clean area and slabs– Provide water for
handwashing– Light lamps for ease of
access at nightPhotos: Kalma Camp, Darfur: Alun McDonald, Oxfam.
Kalma Camp Darfur example
5E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Try to implement / allocate latrines for groups of related families or at least allocate to specific families – e.g. Afghanistan:
• Latrines were allocated on a case by case basis to groupings of related families
• Exact site of the pit was decided together with the users
• Due to the families being related, men/women were able to share the same pit
Non-allocated communal latrines that are randomly spaced within a camp will have ownership problems and therefore cleaning / hygiene problems
Latrine allocation
6E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Latrine cleaning
• Family • Communal
Why is this important? How will it be organised?
7E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Don’t forget to plan ahead
Latrines become full sooner or later, and you should have a plan in place to re-dig new pits, or to get families to take the responsibility from the outset
To plan ahead, you need to know how long a latrine will last for....
Latrine sizing
8E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Volume = (N x S x D) + 0.5A
Pit volume Leave top 0.5 metre…so
1 x 2.5 = 2.5 m3 useable pit volume
Volume = N x S x D2.5 = 50 x 90 x D
1000D = 2.5/(50 x 0.09)
= 0.55 years
Volume = (N x S x D) + 0.5A 1000
N = Number of usersS = Sludge accumulation (l / person / year)D = Design life (year) A = Pit base area (m2)
Note: 0.5A is your allowance of 0.5m unused at the top of the pit.
Pit size example
9E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Sludge Disposal
A full pit latrine can be:
• Covered with soil, and re-dug elsewhere
• Emptied manually (to be avoided if possible)
e.g. Katale refugee camp, Goma.
• Desludged with a vacuum tanker
e.g. Mozambique floods, 2000.
10E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
HP Enables people to take action to prevent or mitigate water, sanitation, and hygiene related diseases.
• Consult with affected men, women, and children on design of facilities, hygiene kits, and outreach system
• Establish a voluntary system of cleaning and maintenance, or train latrine attendants
• Identify, organise, and train water and sanitation committees
• Monitor acceptability of facilities and health impact• Promote key hygiene messages such as hand washing
Hygiene Promotion: Action & Dialogue
11E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Other O&M Issues: Anal cleansing
• Culturally appropriate cleansing material (wet or dry)
• What’s available locally
• Hygiene promotion messages (e.g not putting plastic bottles down latrine)
12E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Menstrual Hygiene
Screened toilet and bathing unit, Pakistan, 2005.
Women need space to wash privately and cleanse/dry menstrual cloths
• Washing area• Soap provision• Water drainage• Drying lines
From Oxfam, 2005.
13E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Other O&M Issues: Fly controlFlies and other insect vectors spread
pathogens from faeces• Physical barriers needed between
flies and faeces – keep the lid on!• Faeces to be covered with soil, ash or
other barrier (or spray with diesel)• Paint latrine walls (lime & salt) to
discourage larvae growth• Keep the latrine dark inside• Use fly traps and screens
14E8
WASH Cluster – Emergency Training E
Other O&M Issues: Handwashing
• Where there is no tap
• Use of soap
• Location
• Promotion messages
From Harvey, P., Ed., (2006), EDIE manual. WEDC.