Post on 01-Jan-2016
description
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y EVOLUTION OF
NITROGEN REFERENCE STRIPS
Daniel E. Edmonds
Graduate Research AssistantPlant & Soil Sciences
Sensors for Crop Management Conference
January 17, 2008Stillwater, OK
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1563 Huganote Bernard Palissy advocates the use of
fertilizers in agriculture to stimulate plant growth Did so after noticing that crops tended to have
better production where manure had been applied
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1772 Daniel Rutherford discovers nitrogen
1790 French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal coins
the name ‘nitrogen’ using a combination of Greek and French words meaning “to engender, bring forth”
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1827 Justus Liebig’s famous Mineral Theory.
The Mineral Theory states that plant growth is limited by the most limited available mineral in the soil. The application of this theory led to the development of mineral fertilizer.
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1913 The process that would become known
as the Haber-Bosch process was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch. The process was the first industrial
chemical process to use high pressure for a chemical reaction.
This process is the most economical for the fixation of nitrogen and continues to this day This process would help usher in the Green
Revolution
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS
Since the introduction of synthetic fertilizers, inaccurate fertilizer rates (either too much or too little) have been applied. This is the result of failing to recognize
temporal variability.
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y RESULT
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in the world for cereal grain production ~ 33%
Crop production directly related to availability of N Need methodologies that consider:
Crop production practices Every Farmer is different
Aesthetic qualities The crop has to look good
Economical analysis The bottom line is what counts
Environmental stewardship Pollution costs everyone
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
30 gal60 gal90 gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
30gal
60gal
EXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
Only Needed 45 gal Over-filled 45 gal (lost)
Cost ~ $270 Money lost ~ $135
90gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
Needed 0 gal Over-filled 90 gal (lost)
Cost ~ $270 Money lost ~ $270
The Fuel Gauge is our reference to how much fuel is in the tank. We can add accordingly.
30 gal60 gal90 gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
GAUGE FOR NITROGEN IN OUR FIELDS?
Can there be such a thing? If so, how?
THE ANSWER…….. Nitrogen Reference Strips
N-Stamp, N-Rich Strip, N-Ramp
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y NITROGEN REFERENCE STRIP
An indicator that orients the producer to the nitrogen levels within the field to aid in making a better mid-season nitrogen rate recommendation.
Superimposed on existing farmer pre-plant practices
Provides a measure of how much additional N is needed, if any
Minimizes risk
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
NITROGEN RICH STRIP – 2002 – Present
1 N rate – In excess of what is required by the plant for the entire growing season. Answers the question – Do I need to apply any
additional N fertilizer? YES or NO
With GreenSeeker sensor and SBNRC can obtain RI, predict yield potential, and determine optimum N rate for maximum yield
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
NITROGEN CALIBRATION STAMP – 2004-2005
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
NITROGEN RAMP CALIBRATION STRIP – 2006 – Present
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
Ramp Calibration Strip Fertilization Strategy – 2006 – Present Concept of visually evaluating plots with incremental rates of
pre-plant N Identify minimum N rate required for maximum production
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
March 2007, The Furrow, Larry Reichenberger
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
N-Reference Strip methodologies consider: Crop production practices
Every Farmer is different
Aesthetic qualities The crop has to look good
Economical analysis The bottom line is what counts
Environmental stewardship Pollution costs everyone
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y CONCLUSIONS
Current practices for making mid-season fertilizer N recommendations in most crops are not consistent from one region to the next
The N-Reference Strip Approach: Uses 1 rate or a gradient of pre-plant N fertilizer to
determine mid-season N rates based on plant response Applied methodology integrating farmer input and
insight in the decision making process Provides visual mid-season alternative approach for N
fertilization
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
30 gal60 gal90 gal
When Empty: 90 gal Over-filled 0 gal ( 0 gal lost)
Cost ~ $270 Money lost ~ $0
ONLY PUT IN WHAT IS NEEDED!
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
30gal
45gal
EXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
When Half-Full: 45 gal Over-filled 0 gal ( 0 gal lost)
Cost ~ $135 Money lost ~ $0
ONLY PUT IN WHAT IS NEEDED!
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
When Full: 0 gal Over-filled 0 gal (0 gal lost)
Cost ~ $0 Money lost ~ $0
ONLY PUT IN WHAT IS NEEDED!
The Fuel Gauge is our reference to how much fuel is in the tank. We can add accordingly.
0 gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
LIKEWISE…
N-REFERENCE STRIPS OUR GAUGE TO THE NITROGEN LEVEL IN
THE FIELD OUR GAUGE TO IDENTIFY HOW MUCH
ADDITIONAL NITROGEN, IF ANY, IS NEEDED BY THE CROP TO PRODUCE MAXIMUM YIELDS.
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
EVOLUTION OF
NITROGEN REFERENCE STRIPS
QUESTIONS or COMMENTS
DANIEL E. EDMONDS
www.nue.okstate.edu/