Causes of Dysphagia

Preoesophageal

Oesophageal

Preoesophageal

Oral Phase Pharyngeal Phase

Disturbance in Mastication Disturbance in lubrication Disturbance in mobility of

tongue Defects of palate Lesion of buccal cavity and

floor of mouth

Obstructive lesions of pharynx Inflammatory conditions Spasmodic conditions Paralytic conditions

Oesophageal

Lumen Wall Outside the wall

Atresia

Foreign body

Strictures

Benign or Malignant tumours

Hypomotility disorders

Achalasia Scleroderma Amytrophic

lateral sclerosis

Hypermotility Disorders

Cricopharyngeal spasm

Diffuse oesophageal spasm

Hypopharyngeal diverticulum

Hiatus hernia

Cervical osteophytes

Thyroid lesions

Mediastinal lesions

Vascular rings

HistoryClinical ExaminationBlood ExaminationRadiographyManometric and pH studiesOesophagoscopyOther investigations

Hisory

Clinical Examination

Blood Examination

Haemogram is important in diagnosis and treatment of Plummer – Vinson syndrome and to know the nutritional status of the patient.

Radiography X-ray chest : To exclude cardiovascular, pulmonary

and mediastinal diseases

Lateral View Neck: To exclude cervical osteophytes and any soft tissue lesions of postcricoid or retropharyngeal space.

Barium Swallow: For diagnosis of malignancy, cardiac achalasia, strictures, diverticula, hiatus hernia or oropharyngeal spasms.

A pressure transducer along with ph electrode and an open tipped catheter is introduced into the oesophagus to measure the pressues in the oesophagus and its sphicters.These studies help in motility disorders, gastro oesophageal reflux and to find if oesophageal spasms are spontaneous or acid induced

Manometric and pH studies

Oesophagoscopy

Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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