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Consultancy, Design & Engineering

Fluid Dynamics & Heat transfer

Dutch OpenFOAM®Users Group

Validation of elementary flow situations

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• Short introduction FlowMotion

• Elementary examples OpenFOAM

Validation of elementary flow situations

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FlowMotion is an engineering and consultancy company

specialized in fluid dynamics for industrial applications

Consultancy, Design & Engineering

Fluid Dynamics & Heat transfer15 years

we guide your flows

Areas

Validation of elementary flow situations

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AXIAL FANS & PUMPSHVACMACHINESINDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICSVEHICLE AERODYNAMICS

Areas

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Axial fans

pumps

Validation of elementary flow situations

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HVAC

Validation of elementary flow situations

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MACHINES

Validation of elementary flow situations

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INDUSTRIAL

AERO

Validation of elementary flow situations

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VEHICLE

AERO

Validation of elementary flow situations

Product specifications

Economic

Quiet

Small

Compact

Strong

Material

etc…

Flow

Pressures

Temperatures

Velocities

Mass flow

Heat transfer

Drag

etc…

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Validation of elementary flow situations

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Tools

Validation of elementary flow situations

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TOOLS

RFOIL, PROP5

FLUENT

OpenFOAM®

VSAERO

ADMS-URBAN

Literature

Wind tunnel

NO2 (µg/m³)> 5652 - 5648 - 5244 - 4840 - 4436 - 4032 - 3628 - 3224 - 2820 - 24< 20

Figure 4.1b

London 2010 - 20% NO2

Annual average NO2 concentration

Modelled using ADMS-Urban0 5 10 Kilometers

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Clients

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Clients

Validation of elementary flow situations

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OpenFOAM

Validation of elementary flow situations

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Why should we use OpenFOAM?

Because it is for free?

Because it is easy to install and use?

Because everyone can use it?

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Proven technology?

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OpenFOAM

Validation versus

“Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook”Robert D. Blevins

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Validation of elementary flow situations

Why validation of elementary flow situations?

• Get used to the OpenFOAM model/method• Results are “known”• Comparison to other codes is easy

we guide your flows

Straight pipe

Validation of elementary flow situationsTypical example

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Straight pipe

Validation of elementary flow situationsTypical example

we guide your flows

1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situationsCases

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Validation of elementary flow situationsApproach

Pre processingGambit (easy to transport)

SolverOpenFOAM (simpleFOAM)

FluentCFX

Post processingParaviewAnsys

Boundary conditionsSolver settings

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1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 1 : Straight pipe

L/D fully developed at 20 or 40?

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 1 : Straight pipe

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1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 2 : Miter bend

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 2 : Miter bend

Miter bend

>>10m

>>10m

D=0.1m

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 2 : Miter bend

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 2 : Miter bend

Re

Pa 50m/s

10m/s

1.5m/s

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Validation of elementary flow situations

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 10 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 50 Error (%) Err.OF.(%)

Exp Data 17,83 Reference 522 Reference 10037 Reference

OpenFOAM 16,63 -6,73 507 -2,87 9675 -3,61

Fluent 17,25 -3,25 3,48 510 -2,30 0,57 9854 -1,82 1,78

CFX 16,77 -5,95 0,79 502 -3,83 -0,96 9455 -5,80 -2,19

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 10 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 50 Error (%) Err.OF.(%)

Exp Data 16,08 Reference 469 Reference 8965 Reference

OpenFOAM 16,00 -0,50 464 -1,07 8679 -3,19

Fluent 16,35 1,68 2,18 478 1,92 2,99 8566 -4,45 -1,26

CFX 15,89 -1,18 -0,68 463 -1,28 -0,21 8561 -4,51 -1,32

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 10 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 50 Error (%) Err.OF.(%)

Exp Data 19,32 Reference 568 Reference 10956 Reference

OpenFOAM 18,45 -4,50 563 -0,88 10791 -1,51

Fluent 19,06 -1,35 3,16 568 0,00 0,88 10636 -2,92 -1,41

CFX 18,11 -6,26 -1,76 563 -0,88 0,00 10921 -0,32 1,19

AVERAGE Error Av. Ref: 3,58%, OpenFOAM with Ref: 3,03% and Error Av. OF:1,52%

40 degrees

80 degrees

120 degrees

Error

Case 2 : Miter bend

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1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

we guide your flows

Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 3 : Sharp edge orifice

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 3 : Sharp edge orifice

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 3 : Sharp edge orifice

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 3 : Sharp edge orifice

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2eorde 0.5d/D

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 10 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 50 Error (%) Err. OF. (%)

Exp Data 58 Reference 2354 Reference 55791 Reference

OpenFOAM 40,4 -30,34 1891 -19,67 45266 -18,87

Fluent 49,98 -13,83 16,52 1777 -24,51 -4,84 41190 -26,17 -7,31

CFX 42,05 -27,50 2,84 1718 -27,02 -7,35 43456 -22,11 -3,24

2eorde 0.8d/D

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 10 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 50 Error (%) Err. OF. (%)

Exp Data 19 Reference 557 Reference 10880 Reference

OpenFOAM 17,5 -7,89 537 -3,59 10370 -4,69

Fluent 18,44 -2,95 4,95 540 -3,05 0,54 10217 -6,09 -1,41

CFX 17,14 -9,79 -1,89 528 -5,21 -1,62 10230 -5,97 0,12

AVERAGE Error Av. Ref: 13,77%, OpenFOAM with Ref: 12,89% and Error Av. OF: 3,47%Error

Case 3 : Sharp edge orifice

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1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 4 : Gradual expansion

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Validation of elementary flow situations

Turbulent lowpressure eddy

Case 4 : Gradual expansion

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Validation of elementary flow situations

2eordeVelocity 10 Error (%) Err.OF. (%) 50 Error (%) Err.OF. (%)

Exp Data 103 Reference 1624 Reference

OpenFOAM 103 0,00 1640 0,99Fluent 104 0,97 0,97 1628 0,25 -0,74CFX 103 0,00 0,00 1658 2,09 1,11

2eordeVelocity 10 Error (%) Err.OF. (%) 50 Error (%) Err.OF. (%)

Exp Data 98 Reference 1626 Reference

OpenFOAM 96 -2,04 1650 1,48Fluent 99 1,02 3,06 1597 -1,78 -3,26CFX 98 0,00 2,04 1597 -1,78 -3,26

2eordeVelocity 10 Error (%) Err.OF. (%) 50 Error (%) Err.OF. (%)

Exp Data 88 Reference 1400 Reference

OpenFOAM 81 -7,95 1263 -9,79Fluent 80 -9,09 -1,14 1223 -12,64 -2,86CFX 80 -9,09 -1,14 1294 -7,57 2,21AVERAGE Error Av. Ref: 4,89%, OpenFOAM with Ref: 5,41% and Error Av. OF: 2,32%

Error

Case 4 : Gradual expansion

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1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

we guide your flows

Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 5 : Degree entrance flush

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 5 : Degree entrance flush

Pressure drop described at inlet and outlet

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Validation of elementary flow situations

Pascal 500 Error (%) Err.OF. (%) 12500 Error (%) Err.OF. (%)Exp Data 17,62 Reference 95,30 ReferenceOpenFOAM 16,76 -4,88 91,56 -3,92Fluent 17,13 -2,78 2,10 92,64 -2,79 1,13CFX 17,46 -0,91 3,97 95,18 -0,13 3,80AVERAGE Error Av. Ref: 2,42%, OpenFOAM with Ref: 4,45% and Error Av. OF: 3,1%

Error

Case 5 : Degree entrance flush

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1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

we guide your flows

Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 6 : Conical entrance flush

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 6 : Conical entrance flush

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Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 6 : Conical entrance flush

Velocity 500 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 12500 Error(%) Err.OF.(%)Exp Data 18,75 Reference 103 ReferenceOpenFOAM 17,56 -6,35 101,65 -1,31Fluent 19,07 1,71 8,05 106,12 3,03 4,34CFX 19 1,33 7,68 105,84 2,76 4,07

a/D=0,6 ϴ(deg)=55

Velocity 500 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 12500 Error (%) Err.OF.(%)Exp Data 18,23 Reference 99,3 ReferenceOpenFOAM 17,68 -3,02 96,119 -3,20Fluent 18,33 0,55 3,57 100,84 1,55 4,75CFX 18,2 -0,16 2,85 102,156 2,88 6,08AVERAGE Error Av. Ref: 2,65%, OpenFOAM with Ref: 4.15% and Error Av. OF: 6,03%

a/D=0,1 ϴ(deg)=100

Error

we guide your flows

1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

we guide your flows

Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 7 : Abrupt expansion

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2eorde 0.5d/D

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 10 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 50 Error (%) Err. OF. (%)

Exp Data 58 Reference 2354 Reference 55791 Reference

OpenFOAM 40,4 -30,34 1891 -19,67 45266 -18,87

Fluent 49,98 -13,83 16,52 1777 -24,51 -4,84 41190 -26,17 -7,31

CFX 42,05 -27,50 2,84 1718 -27,02 -7,35 43456 -22,11 -3,24

2eorde 0.8d/D

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 10 Error (%) Err. OF. (%) 50 Error (%) Err. OF. (%)

Exp Data 19 Reference 557 Reference 10880 Reference

OpenFOAM 17,5 -7,89 537 -3,59 10370 -4,69

Fluent 18,44 -2,95 4,95 540 -3,05 0,54 10217 -6,09 -1,41

CFX 17,14 -9,79 -1,89 528 -5,21 -1,62 10230 -5,97 0,12

AVERAGE Error Av. Ref: 13,77%, OpenFOAM with Ref: 12,89% and Error Av. OF: 3,47%Error

Case 7 : Abrupt expansion

we guide your flows

1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situations

we guide your flows

1. Straight pipe2. Miter bend3. Sharp Edged Orifice4. Gradual Expansion5. Degree Entrance Flush6. Conical Entrance Flush7. Abrupt Expansion8. Abrupt Contraction

Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 7 : Abrupt contraction

we guide your flows

Validation of elementary flow situationsCase 8: Abrupt contraction

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Validation of elementary flow situations

Velocity 1,5 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 10 Error (%) Err.OF.(%) 50 Error (%) Err.OF.(%)

Exp Data 46 Reference 1568 Reference 33878 Reference

OpenFOAM 46,11 0,22 1616 3,1 34823 2,79

Fluent 47,32 2,82 2,61 1617 3,1 0,06 34825 2,80 0,01

CFX 45,53 -1,09 -1,30 1582 0,9 -2,17 33961 0,24 -2,54

AVERAGE Error Av. Ref: 2,57%, OpenFOAM with Ref: 3,09% and Error Av. OF: 2,36%

Case 8 : Abrupt contraction

Error

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Conclusions

• 8 different cases are simulated with 3 different CFD solvers

• Performance OpenFOAM comparable with Fluent and CFX

• Errors within engineering range

• Large errors need to to be examined in more detail

• OpenFOAM fairly easy to use

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OpenFOAM course will be facilitated by FlowMotion and the Laboratory of Aero and Hydrodynamics of the TU Delft

Courses will start in fall 2011, visit our website www.flowmotion .nl for more information