Post on 14-Mar-2016
description
-Plan Lower Floors-
Not to scale
83.
-Building Construction-
-Structural Strategy-
The Pillar Family
Material: Andesite stone (black lava rock)
Performance: Stone is an appropriate choice structurally as the column’s function is to take all of the tensile forces from the suspended structure and transfer them through compression, which is where stone’s strength lies, to the ground.
However, despite beginning with and trying to maintain a degree of symmetry across the structural members, perfect symmetry is incompatible with the building if it is to perform programmatically. Therefore, with different horizontal forces the columns are likely to try and bend, exerting tension on the side with the lower weight.
Stone being very poor in tension, one option could be to construct the brick columns like some brick houses are constructed, with gaps that have steel rods and poured concrete, and adapt the positioning of this reinforcement in such a way that rebalances the columns. However, a more elegant and potentially stronger solution is to overlap the bricks with strategic holes running through the whole structure. Through these holes steel cables, which should be set into the concrete foundations before bricklaying begins, are threaded and tightened at the top. This forces the brick structure into compression and when loads try to force one side of the column into tension the tied bricks push against each other, making use of their natural compressive ability to resist deformation. These cables can also be placed strategically within the columns to counter inequalities caused by the differing building forms.
The Cable family
Material: Steel ropes
Performance: The cables are in tension, carrying the weight of the building back to the columns.
Multiple cables between each weight distribute the loads of the building, meaning the cables are less likely to be over-stressed in an earthquake.
Columns and Cables
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Unevenly loaded column Rebalanced column
Section locating columns
Early plan exhibiting a degree of symetry accross the structural elements
Distorted column
Tensile forces
Highly tensioned steel cables
Compressive forces
Excessive weight (of the reservoirs and stone itself) could cause the columns to buckle
Horizontal steel ties also required
Basic block strategy
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87.
-Structural Strategy-
Bamboo, as a hollow tube, is in keeping with the
overall structural principles of having heavy
columns supporting a lightweight frame. It is also
an appropriate material to use in a seismic region;
Having no ‘rays’ it is a lot stronger than timber,
especially in sheer.1
Cellulose fibers that run through the length of
the bamboo act in the same way steel bars do in
concrete. In the event of structural failure, these
usually remain intact and return the bamboo to its
original shape when the loads are removed, which
could ensure the primary structure stays intact
during an earthquake.2
In 2001, 20 bamboo houses remained intact near the
epicentre of an earthquake that reached 7.5 on the
Richter scale.3
Another advantage of its natural structure is that
it does not suffer from creep, as timber does. This
gives the opportunity to fashion the bamboo into
a sophisticated facade system incorporating glass
and metal nodes.4
89.
Vo Trong Nghia’s ‘Water & Wind’ cafe detail of a ‘bamboo bolt’. Such a system, where multiple bamboo lengths are working together would allow for easier replacement of the older structural members (with ones that arent necessarily identical) than the former iteration where the bamboo was locked into the metal nodes at the end.
The diagonal bracing is provided by the façade sections which, as they need to be flat, must form triangular panels.
Construction of the bamboo theatres
Umbrella supports made of steel and concrete. The steel core of the concrete is surrounded by a membrane allowing it to move freely of the concrete. In this way, it not only supports the structure but can also protect it in the event of an earthquake- the core and exterior sliding by one each other deflects energy away from the rest of the structure.
Metal nodes from the first iteration (1:50 model structure) are kept, in order to attach the prefabricated facade
Bamboo Frames
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1
1. Janssen 2000, p24
2. Janssen 2000, p66
3. Janssen 2000, p77
4. Janssen 2000, p76
2
-Structural Strategy-
Vascular bundle
Bamboo Frames
Nodea.Pieces of the node designed to hold the bamboo. These are made of two pieces of steel that can be unscrewed from each other to detach the bamboob. Sponge- this allows the node to grip the bamboo regardless of the different sizes that result from using a natural
material.
Cross section of bamboo showing the reinforcing vascular bundles.
Construction of the bamboo exhibition centre
91.
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-Detail-
The design has been adapted to incorporate two mat
foundation bases. As earthquakes may present lateral
forces in any potential direction, a continuous spread,
strongly tied together, is better equipped to resist
this than piers The building is less likely to be
shook off a continuous base than a foundation system
that is concentrated at isolated points.
The two main masses of the building have been separated
by a crumple section. This is where the joints allow a
total movement of 6-8 inches in all directions. This
is to prevent collisions that could occur between the
differently moving masses in a quake.
Though vertical motions in an earthquake represent
just one tenth to one fifth of the total energy of a
quake, this does have the ability to reduce soil
pressure. The depth of the new Mississippi River
Bridge foundations is 6m into the bedrock of the
river. Here, however, I have extended this depth
by the recommended 33.3% (1998mm). The weight of the
excavated soil for mat foundations should be equal
to or greater than the weight of the construction
supported.
1. Steel cable
2. Plastic sheath- to protect the steel cable from
damage
3. Concrete mat foundation
4. Pre-formed recess in the concrete
5. In-situ cast concrete
6. Steel dowels to anchor the column to the footing
7. Tensile reinforcement of concrete (required as the
footing projects more than half the thickness of
the column)
8. Longitudinal steel mesh reinforcement
9. Active soil pressure
10. Waterproof sheeting. Although the columns aren’t
likely to suffer the usual associated problems of
water erosion due to diurnal temperature changes-
namely onion skin weathering and freeze thaw
weathering - the running water and chemicals in
the river may cause unanticipated effects on the
structural integrity of the foundations and columns.
11. Carved blocks of andesite stone
12. Tightening device. The belay structure allows for easy
tightening and the friction it has on the wire is an
extra precaution against the cables becoming slack.
13. Small steel clamp
14. Steel lever
15. Steel latch. This can be used to release the wire for
retightening, for example, if the dimensions change
through settlement.
16. Drip
Foundations1
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a. Foundation plan
b. Belay device
c. Cap detail with wire
tightening device
d. Wire anchoring detail
e. Foundation detail
Columns
Mat slab foundation
Device inspired by the
frictional holding
capabilities of a belay,
used in climbing
FALL FALL
Crumple section
Thickened slabs at the base of
columns, consturctions and to
anchor cables to.
1
93.
-Structural Strategy-
There are six standardised brick designs bricks
are designed to lock together so the effect of
the steel tensioned cable translates across the
brick layers. The two central bricks, mirror
images of each other, are designed so that the
extrusions lock into all the five surrounding
bricks, creating a very solid core.
Central core bricks
designed to cater for the
horizontal cables
designed to cater for the
vertical cables
Bricks
Corresponding intermediate bricks
End bricks
95.
-Detail-
The lightweight façade, held together with the bamboo bolts
and steel nodes is designed to be a stiff frame but also one
that can be easily taken apart when it becomes necessary to
replace the short lived bamboo.
1. Ring beam- 50mm steel rods, 20mm sheet steel2. Mosquito netting façade3. Damp Proof Membrane4. Bamboo bolt structure5. Ties- these link the bamboo bolts without making further holes and therefore not compromising their structural performance.6. Steel node7. Hardwood timber clamps. These can be unscrewed to allow easy removal and maintenance of the façade pieces from inside the theatre.8. Hardwood timber capping. This and the wooden clamp pieces prevent the metal nodes acting as a thermal conductor- bringing the heat of the Indonesian sun into the theatre.9. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology into the later detailed Islamic pattern10. PVC cap - made flexible by the addition of plasticizers. This strengthens the material around the areas where the cables pass through the façade11. Steel cable. (one of two running either side of the bamboo bolt)12. Adhesive13. Aluminium flashing14. Bamboo support. This is connected to the façade from the seismic ‘umbrella’ support in the centre of the theatre15. Steel mechanism to connect the nodes and umbrella supports, inspired by the mechanisms within a dressmakers dummy. Turning the key tightens the grip on the bamboo support. Turning the other way, it allows easy removal and replacement of the bamboo supports. (See environment and materials detailing the necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo)
a. Section detail of the theatre façadeb. Waterproofing detail where the cable moves through the netted façadec. Node detail- façade connecting to the ring beamd. Node detail- Node connecting to the umbrella mechanism
Facade Construction
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97.
-Detail-
1. Mosquito netting façade
2. Damp Proof Membrane
3. Bamboo bolt structure
4. Thick bamboo beam supports the floor, integrated into
the bamboo bolt structure
4. Ties- these link the bamboo bolts without making
further holes and therefore not compromising
their structural performance.
5. Steel node
6. Hardwood timber clamps. These can be unscrewed to allow
easy removal and maintenance of the façade pieces
from inside the theatre.
7. Hardwood timber cap. This and the wooden clamp pieces
prevent the metal nodes acting as a thermal conductor-
bringing the heat of the Indonesian sun into
the theatre.
8. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology into
the later detailed Islamic pattern
9. Acrylic pattern façade layer
10. ‘Umbrella’ support system, detailed overleaf
11. Steel mechanism to connect the bamboo to the umbrella
column, inspired by the mechanisms within a
dressmakers dummy. Turning the key tightens the grip
on the bamboo support. Turning the other way, it
allows easy removal and replacement of the bamboo
supports. (See environment and materials detailing
the necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo)
12. External bamboo cladding
13. Not less than 300mm
14. 75mm x 100mm timber joist
15. Bamboo matting
16. Suspended acoustic ceiling
17. Steel angle
18. Timber substructure connects the cladding to the
bamboo bolts
19. Steel ring
Floor Construction1
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99.
-Detail-
1. Aluminium flashing
2. Purlin
3. Sloped skylight
4. Bamboo frame
5. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology
into the later detailed Islamic pattern
6. Acrylic pattern façade layer
7. Steel node- connects the skylight to the bamboo
structure
8. Hardwood timber capping
9. Outlets for ventilation here- detailed in
‘performance’ section
10. Damp proof membrane
11. Mosquito net facade
12. Insulating glazing with fully tempered glass
Skylight
1812
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101.
-Detail-
This structural member supports the bamboo structures
from inside and also protects the structure in the event
of an earthquake. With seismic forces the concrete is
able to withstand in compression while the steel,
moving freely due to the plastic sheath, stretches in
tension. This ability for the members to move past one
another means that they absorb the energy of the quake
and in doing so deflects the stresses away from the
other structural members.
1. Concrete column
2. Round steel core
3. Plastic, separating the steel and concrete
4. Folded steel angle
5. Steel & rubber mechanism to connect the bamboo to
the umbrella column, inspired by the mechanisms
within a dressmakers dummy. Turning the key
tightens the grip on the bamboo support. Turning
the other way, it allows easy removal and
replacement of the bamboo supports.
(See environment and materials detailing the
necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo.
6. Bamboo ‘spoke’ connect the central column and
bamboo framework
7. Steel node connects the bamboo bolt to the cladding
8. Steel node connects the bamboo spokes to
the composite central column
9. Steel base plate, set on leveling nuts
10. Concrete foundation
11. Pre-cast concrete footing acting as movement joint
12. Anchor bolts
103.
Umbrella Support
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There is no thermal insulation present within
the building skin, owing to the extremely
high humidity (70-90%) suppressing diurnal
temperature changes. In such a climate, the
best strategy is to have a lightweight frame
that can cool down quickly.
The lava rock has naturally occurring pockets
of air which make it an excellent insulator
and has therefore been adopted within the
building’s fire strategy.
The exposed construction would not suit an
internal vapour barrier. However, whilst the
building skin is composed of many layers, with
the exception of the waterproofing skin, they are
all highly perforated and allow the passage of
air. This combined with a ventilation strategy
(see performance) that aims to maximise the
air flow through the enclosures should remove
excess moisture via evaporative cooling. The
chance of interstitial condensation is further
reduced as it occurs when warm air generated
inside hits a surface that is below dewpoint,1
however, with night time temperatures of
25˚C, the exterior surface is never likely
to be particularly cool. Furthermore, the
construction throughout is visible and easy to
access, therefore, should condensation occur,
this would be obvious and easy to resolve
before it becomes a problem.
Within the programme, the small café below
the theatre presents the greatest fire risk
and it is proposed therefore to compartment
this area, extending the lava rock, capable of
withstanding temperatures of 1000˚C, to give
the area a 60minute fire rating. The coconut
oil lamps used during the ‘wayang kulit’
performance and electrical devices in the
facade also present a threat. Therefore the
following measures are proposed;
Detection and alarm system throughout
Sprinkler system throughout
Smoke vents co-ordinated with the ventilation
system, whereby the high level exhausts open
and lower ones close upon a smoke signal.3
Clearly signposted suction hoses that are
connected directly to the river below.
Fire extinguishers capable of dealing with
fires that the water hoses cannot, for example
C02 in case of an electrical fire and foam
extinguishers for liquid based fires (for
example from the coconut oil burners in the
programme).4
Fire resistant coatings to the bamboo and
mosquito fabric.
Escape routes to have ‘Class 0’ on flame spread
test. 5
Due to the excessive humidity of the site,
it is recommended that the large quantities
of timber to be used are brought to site as
green wood and allowed to acclimatise to the
conditions there and are only milled after
reaching ‘fibre saturation point’.2 This should
help limit the extent to which the wood warps.
Despite this however, fluctuations in the
humidity may cause some movement in the
material and the façade also incorporates
other materials which may expand with changing
temperatures. As such, there are to be expansion
joints throughout. The nodes which hold the
different materials of the façade in place
should incorporate expansion joints and if
there is excessive movement, the wooden clamps
can be tightened or loosened as necessary.
Despite the building’s unusual structure, in
the details it is a take on a rain screen
cladding system. Behind the mosquito netting
there is a waterproof envelope that wraps
around the entirety of the enclosures. Where
it has been necessary to perforate this
envelope, for example where the cables pass
into the building, and around the skylight,
sealant joints have been specified, with clean
surface preparation to ensure secure adhesion.
Wood sealant will be applied to the whole of
the hardwood caps that make up the detail
surrounding the skylight to prevent water from
leaching through the material itself.
Where the waterproofing layer is absent
for the ventilation apertures to mediate
airflow through the building (detailed in the
performance section), the apertures have been
designed with waterproof fabric which will all
close during heavy rain, the overlapping nature
of them deflecting water akin to a rainforest
canopy. The gaps between them are designed to
stop water but still allow enough air to pass
for stack ventilation to occur.
Insulation Interstitial Condensation Controlling Fire Spread
Tolerances
Water Ingress
1. Watts 2006, p25
2. Huey 2012
3. Thomas 2006b, p141
4. MFS Fire Extinguishers
5. Metric Handbook p42-4
-Building Performance-
-Energy-
Care has been taken in the material selection, to create a building
from materials that are not only sustainable within themselves, but
also that the embodied energy that their excavation, production and
transport to site entails is low. Since embodied energy is difficult to
determine, and manufacturer’s claims can be misleading,1 I have focused
on the more concrete factor of transport and sourced, where possible,
materials prevalent on the island of Java. This also has the advantage
that vernacular architecture has of embodying a sense of place.
Bamboo
The species Bambusa blumeana is indigenous to the archipelago and grows
even faster in the tropical environment than its notoriously fast
growth in temperate climates. “A bamboo plantation of 1000 hectares
can provide about 30,000 tons of wood resources, and thus renders
unnecessary the cutting of over 50 thousand hardwood trees per year”.2
Such measures should appease BAPPENAS, who are hinging their economic
growth plan on restoration of the tropical hardwood forests.3
Using natural preservative methods (detailed overleaf) means making
the culled bamboo ready for use on the structure is a relatively low
energy process.
Andesite Stone
Being forced to the surface through seismic activity means mining
andesite stone is a relatively low energy extraction, and it can be
sources from a quarry in central Java.4
Most of the energy embodied in this material, therefore, will be in the
labor intensive process of shaping the stones into specific profiles
dictated by the structural strategy.
Basswood
Sourced on the island, from a plantation in Bogor.
The laser cutting process of converting the basswood into intricate
Islamic patterns will have high embodied energy. However, this is
done with the purpose of maximizing daylight whilst preventing solar
gain (detailed later), and thus lowering the ‘energy-in-use’ of the
building, which represents a much greater percentage of the entire
energy a building consumes.5
Mosquito Netting
Mosquito netting facade sourced from the nearby textile industry. Care
should be taken to contract it from one of the 10% of factories that
meet water treatment requirements.
Other materials, such as stainless steel, which are categorised by
Watts and Thomas as ‘very high energy requirements’,6 have been used as
sparingly as possible, when structural loads demand it.
Waste-to-energy plant
Though the process of burning waste is ordinarily only
an option after all other options of ‘reduce, reuse and
recycle’ have been explored, here there is no infrastructure
to support proper waste management and the current practice
that is ingrained in the population is to treat the river as
waste disposal. Therefore the plant will not only have the
normal associated advantages (it has been claimed that for
every ton of waste disposed of in a waste-to-energy plant
and ton of greenhouse gasses is avoided)7 it will, through
the incentive of clean water, draw waste away from the river
and provide a place to dispose of waste substances produced
during the water treatment process. The project has the
potential to prevent 25,9653kg of waste entering the river
and travelling downstream per year.8
There is also scope to recycle some of the ‘waste’ from the
river into the building fabric, for example replacing the
glass skylight, which has ‘high energy’ requirements in its
production, with something like the Thames project Butterfly
House, created from old shopping bags.
109.
Building Site
Bogor- plantations of basswood
Central Java andesite quarry
Banyuwangi- home to 26,000 hectares of bamboo
plantations
Subterranean waste-to-power plant
Household waste & waste from the Citarum
Embodied Energy Energy Production
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1b2b3b
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1. Thomas 2006b, p71
2. Oprins
3. Fauzan 2011
4. SBM
5. Thomas 2006b, p71
6. Thomas 2006b, p72
7. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011
8. Bocco 2013
-Materials and Longevity-
Preservation
The bamboo takes advantage of preservative methods,
though the effect of this is limited in bamboo (hence its
short lifespan) as the vascular bundles which would take up
preservative chemicals close forever 24 hours after being
culled.6 Traditional methods of curing, smoking, soaking
and seasoning, or lime-washing could be adopted, they are
economical and don’t require any specialized skills.7 There
are more modern chemical methods which preserve the bamboo
slightly longer, however, the bamboo is difficult to dispose
when it needs replacing, needing to be buried far from a water
source. Traditional methods would allow the old structural
members to be burned as biofuel in the waste-to-energy plant.
Bamboo PlantationThe gardens in the program are extended on to the land to
form a small bamboo plantation, from which elements can be
periodically replaced. This would not only reduce the impact
of transporting pieces, but also ensure that the preservative
methods are applied correctly, as applied incorrectly they can
do more harm than good.8 The location of the building on a river
means advantage can be taken of soaking and seasoning the
bamboo as the preservative method, which involves immersing
the culms in water for weeks to leach out sugars then drying
it out. Currently the river runs black with the dyes
of more than 40 textile factories, which is likely to
alter the colouration of the bamboo as it needs to be
submerged for such a large quantity of time. This however
could enhance the building, as there is a 15 year programme
in place to clean up the river, therefore, as bamboo in the
structure are slowly replaced, the colouration of the
finished structure will be a reflection of the changing
circumstances of the Citarum.
ProtectionOn the roof the bamboo is placed behind the waterproofing
screen, as bamboo can have a long life expectancy in very
dry spaces and completely submerged in water, but fluctuating
between the two accelerates failure.
Ensure that the primary structural pieces are sheltered behind
the mosquito netting, as the hollow nature of the material
provides space for potentially damaging creatures to make
their home.
ReplacementAll details have been designed for easy replacement of the
bamboo structural members. For example, adopting bamboo bolts
of 4-5 lengths together means one can be removed and replaced
without causing failure to the whole structure.
According to Watts and Thomas, after selecting materials
with lower embodied energy (previous page) the second
strategy is to design for longevity.1 For the monolithic
lava columns this is not an issue, Borobudur has been
standing on the island of Java since the 9th century.2
Furthermore, the lack of diurnal temperature changes
and staying above freezing protects the rocks from many
forms of weathering. Bamboo, however, does not benefit
from such longevity.
Structurally, in terms of its seismic performance,
and environmentally, in terms of its growth rate and
proximity to the site bamboo seems to be the appropriate
choice. The drawback of this material, however, is the
relatively short lifespan within the structure it has.
Whilst my design, being lifted off the ground by pillars,
means it doesn’t have contact with ground moisture,
the life expectancy of covered bamboo is from 6-10 years.3 This problem is compounded in tropical
areas as the humidity accelerates the degradation.4
This problem is connected to its small cross sectional
area. Whist this makes it structurally light, it means
that damage, for example from boring insects or fungi,
represents a larger proportion of its cross section.5
Therefore, I would propose the following;
111.
Soaking and Seasoning
Sec
on
dar
y m
eth
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of
co
oli
ng
1. Thomas 2006b, p72
2. Soekmono 1976, p9
3. Janssen 2000, p52
4. Lip and Lim 1988
5. Janssen 2000, p52
6. Janssen 2000, p56
7. Janssen 2000, p56
8. Janssen 2000, p61
Subterranean waste-to-power plant
The Citarum runs black with the dyes of more than 40
textile factories
“...as bamboo in the structure are slowly replaced, the colouration of the finished structure will be a reflection of the changing circumstances of the Citarum.”
Detailed for easy replacement
Diagram showing the replacement of bamboo members after all preservation methods have been exhausted.
Small Bamboo plantation containing different aged culms ensures
a ready supply of material when necessary.
Culm planted for 5 years
Culm planted for 1 year
Culm planted for 2 years
Culm planted for 3 years
Culm planted for 4 years
Old bamboo used as
biofuel
-Tourism and the Citarum-
Longevity of the water theatre- steps
taken to ensure it’s earquake resistant
but the programme is less enduring.
Write about the historical boundary of
the Citarum and the likelyhood that the
water treatment would be outlived by the
theate programme
The Future the Water Theatre
-Cooling Strategy-
Inlets and outlets (at 30˚ to the normal) are
at opposing sides of the structures. They are
capable of expanding and contracting to maximise
cross ventilation. Openings on the downward side
adjust themselves to be larger than the windward
side, to promote the maximum suction effect.2
This is capable of moving air fastest through the
structure. “The dry-bulb, still air temperature
is effectively lowered 5˚F if the air is moved
at a velocity of 6miles per minute”.3
113.
Cross Ventilarion“In very humid regions, comfort by natural means is only attain-
able with constant movement of air across the skin” 1
Primary method of cooling
North Prevailing WindsNovember- March
+ -+-
SouthPrevailing Winds
Doldrums- No Wind
May- September
April & October
Inter-Tropical
Convergence
Zone
Inter-Tropical
Convergence
Zone
Inter-Tropical
Convergence
Zone
Cross ventilation moves air fast enough to relieve the effects of the excessively high humidity, by evaporative cooling.
Openings on the south, downward side, of the building are larger
All apertures remain open
Aperture devices adjust the inlet/outlet ratio
Openings on the North, downward side, of the building are larger
1.Salmon 1999, p123
2.Ibid
3,Salmon 1999, p142
-Cooling Strategy-
High stacks create areas of positive and negative
pressure regardless of which direction the
prevailing wind blows. Stack effect ventilation
is suplementary to the primary mode of cooling
(cross ventialtion) as the stack effect does
not move air fast enough to relieve heat by
evaporative cooling, which is imperative in
areas of such high humidity.
Tops of the stacks are stained darker. This
causes them to heat faster than the rest of the
building and thus aids stack driven ventilation.
115.
Stack Effect Ventilarion
Secondary method of cooling
Air movement
Solar radiation.
Darkly stained areas heat up faster and further lowers the air pressure at the top of the stacks
Tall stacks create an ares of low pressure regardless of wind direction2
During rainstorms, the apertures close. However, the overlapping leaves are separated horizontally to leave an effective 3-4% of the floor area open1, adequate for stack ventilation whist preventing the ingress of water.
-
+
1. Thomas, p126
2. Salmon 1999, p119
-Cooling Strategy-
The gardens, river and water cleaning reservoirs
provide evaporative cooling- the hot Indonesian
sun causes water droplets to evaporate and thus
gives up some of its energy (and heat) beafore
entering the structures. However, such cooling
works best in dry climates so here it plays a
supplementary role.
Evaporative Cooling
Tertiary method of cooling
In progress;
Leave if run out of time. Diagram of Evaportaive cooling through plants, cooling air before it enters building.
-Cooling Strategy-
Lightweight shell
The high humidity suppresses thermal radiation
to the sky which causes only very slight changes
in diurnal temperature change.1 This means that
emplyoing thermal mass as a cooling technique
would be ineffective, as there is never a time
when there is a cooler temperature to store and
later release. The building skin is therefore a
lightweight shell, akin to a marquee, that can
cool quickly at night. The light coloured skin
reflects heat.
FacadeAncient patterns & modern technology
High humidity, between 70 and
90%, traps in the heat and
results in only slight changes
in diurnal temperatures.
Some solar radiation is
reflected by the light
coloured mosquito netting.
High volumes of water from
the site and programme
contribute to the humidity
The lightweight
structure cools quickly
at night
The porous layers that make
up the building skin allow
only partial admittance of the
intense solar radiation. The
amount of light allowed to pass
can be tailored by adjusting
the pattern- see next page.
1. Salmon 1999, p100
117.
-Water Supply-
Location of the water treatment stages detailed
in section 1.
1. pH adjustment
2. Coagulation tank
3. Lagoons
4. Filtration
5. Electrodeionization
6. UV gardens
7. Safety Control fish tanks
8. Reservoir
Due to the current condition of the Citarum river, the water treatment programme was selected as one which could treat sewage. In addition, the lack of pipe infrastructure in the area and overarching aim to improve the water quality in the village led to the decision to feed black water in at the beginning of the water treatment.
Despite the programme being a water treatment centre, the water is a hard earned exchange from the collected rubbish that makes its way into the waste-to-power plant. Therefore, the theatre also takes advantage of the prevalent rains and large overhanging roofs in order to collect rainwater to use as grey water in the WC facilities.
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3
119
In order to mitigate the problems of solar
gain, but also to ensure adequate daylight (the
traditional wayang employs daytime as well as
night time performances) the façade pattern
adjusts to allow more light to enter where the
building receives smaller levels of solar gain.
A study of buildings on Java revealed that the
most solar radiation (SR) is received from the
north, roughly equal and smaller amounts to the
east and west and significantly smaller amounts
to the south.1 There is also a difference in
radiation received depending on the angle of
the planes. In Java, the highest SR is received
on planes that are at an angle between 15˚ to
30˚. The next highest is between the 15˚ and
horizontal range with the smallest from 30˚ to
vertical.
I have designed five different panels to cater
for these different conditions. Whilst the
architecture could more responsive, with each
individual panel tailored to its specific
condition, the design is a compromise between
performance and standardisation, which would
make the project more feasible.
The intricate Islamic patterns employed
represent the translation of the delicate
puppet carvings to the scale of the building.
Solar radiation recieved on building facades
in Java.
Grid showing the different pannels and
their locations.
-Controling solar gain-
Ancient patterns & modern technology
North
15˚
- h
or
izo
nta
l30
˚ -
V
erti
cal
15˚
- 30
˚
East & West South
1
1
2
3
2
3
121.
1.Mintorogo
The drawing opposite locates the different
façade panel densities from the previous page on
the theatre enclosures (pattern not to scale).
Such an arrangement should provide maximum day
lighting possible while preventing solar gain in
the areas most likely to receive solar radiation.
Within the façade, the apertures (detailed
later in this section) respond to the changing
prevailing wind patterns. When north prevailing
winds persist the maximum suction effect can
be achieved by having larger openings on the
south, downward side of the façade.1 When south
prevailing winds persist this situation is
reversed. During the doldrums, the point at which
the Inter-Tropical-Convergence-Zone is directly
above Indonesia and there is little to no wind,
all the apertures remain open to take advantage
of any breeze that may pass the building.
When it rains the apertures all close, the
waterproof overlapping fabric preventing water
entering like leaves in a rainforest canopy.
The gaps between them, however, still allow the
passage of some air which now passes through the
building via the stack effect.
-Controlling solar gain-
Facade Mapping
North Prevailing Winds
SouthPrevailing Winds
Doldrums
123.
November- March
May- September
April & October
1.Salmon 1999, p142
-
-
+
+
a. Mapping fo the façade theatre densities
according to solar radiation levels.
b. Open aperture density during the north
prevailing winds
c. Open aperture density during the
doldrums
d. Open aperture density during the south
prevailing winds
e. Aperture device
f. Rainforest Canopy
a
b
c
d
e
f