Domestic SystemDomestic System

DWA

INPUT OUTPUT

FGRM

Apprentice 7 yearsApprentice 7 years Journey man 7 yearsJourney man 7 years Objective : Travel to learn from Objective : Travel to learn from

mastersmasters Exam conducted by guildExam conducted by guild Tough result MasterTough result Master

Trade expansion Increase Trade expansion Increase in demandin demand

So, new systemSo, new system Middle men = F own Middle men = F own

workshop called factoryworkshop called factory

Standard product for maximum Standard product for maximum production hence exploitationproduction hence exploitation

In 1772,12 from 8 AM to 8 PM In 1772,12 from 8 AM to 8 PM Compensation for I hour lunchCompensation for I hour lunch Women plus childrenWomen plus children

Enclosure movementEnclosure movement Lord of public propertyLord of public property land- lordland- lord

ISSUESISSUES

Low trainingLow training Rift on jobRift on job No specialization hence No specialization hence

jurisdiction-lawjurisdiction-law

workers united ! 1776 ?workers united ! 1776 ?

(around 1750)(around 1750)

Industrial revolution !Industrial revolution !

IMPROVEMENTSIMPROVEMENTS

Production techniquesProduction techniques Sources of energies changedSources of energies changed Transportation –infrastructure Transportation –infrastructure Engineering developmentEngineering development

ADAM SMITH[1723-ADAM SMITH[1723-1790]1790] Wealth of nationsWealth of nations Liberal economicsLiberal economics

Tariff policies destructiveTariff policies destructive Market and competition be the Market and competition be the

regulator of economic activityregulator of economic activity Specialization of labor is pillarSpecialization of labor is pillar Principle of division of laborPrinciple of division of labor Invisible handInvisible hand

Fourth factor of Fourth factor of productionproduction ManagementManagement After land, labor and capitalAfter land, labor and capital

JEAN BAPISTE JEAN BAPISTE SAY[1767-1832]SAY[1767-1832]

French economist is first to note French economist is first to note M as adventure ,manager……..M as adventure ,manager……..

ENTRPRENEUR ??ENTRPRENEUR ??

Fritz RedlichFritz Redlich strategic strategic decisionsdecisions

J schumpeter Innovator mangerJ schumpeter Innovator manger Prof Collins Prof Collins organization builderorganization builder

ROBERT OWEN [1771]ROBERT OWEN [1771]

Working conditionsWorking conditions Neat and cleanNeat and clean Living machineLiving machine Rest after four hoursRest after four hours Breakfast ,rest pauseBreakfast ,rest pause

Treat with kindnessTreat with kindness Paternal approachPaternal approach Manufacturer for pecuniary profitManufacturer for pecuniary profit People powerless so the People powerless so the

individualism to be replaced by individualism to be replaced by communal lifecommunal life

SOCIALIST!SOCIALIST!

KARL MARXKARL MARXF.ENGLES F.ENGLES

Need of force as midwife of historyNeed of force as midwife of history

Victorian value system Victorian value system -1800-1800

Social consequence and moralitySocial consequence and morality

Charles dickensCharles dickens

““English could learn from USA”English could learn from USA”

CHARLES BABBAGE CHARLES BABBAGE [1792][1792]Mathematics geniusMathematics genius Work measurementWork measurement Cost determineCost determine Wage incentiveWage incentive Division of physical and mental Division of physical and mental

aboutabout

CHARLES DUBLIN CHARLES DUBLIN [1784][1784]

French engineerFrench engineer

Management educationManagement education

F W Taylor 1856-1915F W Taylor 1856-1915

Frederick Winslow TaylorFrederick Winslow Taylor

F W TaylorF W Taylor

Scientific managementScientific management

ContributionsContributions

Shovel………furnace……..designShovel………furnace……..design

Cloth for perspiration most efficient Cloth for perspiration most efficient atat

----kg= ----lbs----kg= ----lbs

One best WayOne best Way Time and motion Time and motion

study(experiments in metal study(experiments in metal cutting)cutting)

Common rule must! Common rule must!

BUT NO UNION !![never]BUT NO UNION !![never][ fatigue][ fatigue]

F W TaylorF W TaylorThe personThe person Vices XXXXXXVices XXXXXX Character = successCharacter = success Ability is doing the disagreeable Ability is doing the disagreeable

thingsthings Brain X will [drive to achieve]Brain X will [drive to achieve]

Refusal to teach at HarvardRefusal to teach at Harvard No honorariumNo honorarium Presentation to president ‘mental Presentation to president ‘mental

revolution’revolution’ Scientific management X? Scientific management X?

academic !academic !

SOMETHING SOMETHING UNMEASURABLE UNMEASURABLE !! !!

EMOTIONS!!EMOTIONS!!

CARL BARTH [1860-1939]CARL BARTH [1860-1939]Norway born maths Norway born maths scholarscholar

logarithm slide rule [embryonic] logarithm slide rule [embryonic] and set of tables …metal cuttingand set of tables …metal cutting

H L GANTT[1861-1919]H L GANTT[1861-1919]

Mechanical engineer ….1884Mechanical engineer ….1884

Patens for 12 innovationsPatens for 12 innovations Task and bonus systemTask and bonus system ““habits of industry”habits of industry” Graphic aids to management.Graphic aids to management.

GANTT CHARTGANTT CHART

THE GILBREETHS THE GILBREETHS FMG [1868-1924] FMG [1868-1924] &LMG[1878-1972]&LMG[1878-1972]

Frank and LillianFrank and Lillian I hr into 1 lac unitsI hr into 1 lac units Study of fatigueStudy of fatigue Emphasized psychologyEmphasized psychology

F W TAYLORF W TAYLOR[Other disciples][Other disciples]

Harrington EmersonHarrington Emerson

Morris CookeMorris Cooke

Hansen, tippet & CurrieHansen, tippet & Currie

Joseph WhartonJoseph Wharton

ELTON MAYO[18880-ELTON MAYO[18880-1949]1949]

Hawthorne plant experiments Hawthorne plant experiments

&&

WestinghouseWestinghouse

Experiments [1927-Experiments [1927-1932]1932] Working conditionsWorking conditions Lighting [illumination]Lighting [illumination] Production increasedProduction increased

why ???why ???

Experiment no 2 Experiment no 2 relay…different groupsrelay…different groups

Standard v/s non standardStandard v/s non standard

Uncontrolled groups 3 times Uncontrolled groups 3 times production…….production…….

CREATVITY!!!CREATVITY!!!

Experiment no 3Experiment no 3textile milltextile mill

man and machine 1:1man and machine 1:1

Flexible workingFlexible working

Better…group working!Better…group working!

President Roosevelt President Roosevelt InvitesInvitesworld war ||world war ||Monotony…job satisfaction X Monotony…job satisfaction X

changes & production increaseschanges & production increases

M1M1Douglas McGregorDouglas McGregor

Theory X and Theory YTheory X and Theory Y

Theory XTheory X

Inherent dislike of work hence Inherent dislike of work hence avoid workavoid work

Hence punishment[direction, Hence punishment[direction, control]control]

Avoid responsibility so prefers Avoid responsibility so prefers directions as security is wanteddirections as security is wanted

Theory yTheory y

Self direction, self controlSelf direction, self control Integration of individual needs Integration of individual needs

with organization demandswith organization demands Learning under proper conditionsLearning under proper conditions Intellectual potential\Intellectual potential\ Work = source of satisfactionWork = source of satisfaction

M-IIM-IIABRAHAM MASLOWABRAHAM MASLOW

NEEDS HIERACHYNEEDS HIERACHY

PhysiologicalPhysiological Safety, securitySafety, security Social..affliation,acceptance.Social..affliation,acceptance. Esteem….statusEsteem….status Self actualization….realizationSelf actualization….realization

M-IIIM-IIICLAYTON ALDERERCLAYTON ALDERERERG THEORYERG THEORY Existence needsExistence needs Relatedness needsRelatedness needs Growth needsGrowth needs

M-IVM-IVFREDERICK HERZBERG FREDERICK HERZBERG TWO FAVTOR THEORYTWO FAVTOR THEORY

Hygiene-motivationHygiene-motivation

[dissatisfiers-satisfiers][dissatisfiers-satisfiers]

Dissatisfiers [H=hygiene ]Dissatisfiers [H=hygiene ]Working Working

conditions,salary,security,status conditions,salary,security,status policy…but not M!policy…but not M!

Satisfiers [M=Motivation ]Satisfiers [M=Motivation ]Achievement,recongition,growthAchievement,recongition,growthH Ab=ds ; H pr H Ab=ds ; H pr ≠M≠MSatisfiers pr =job satisfactions hence Satisfiers pr =job satisfactions hence

motivationmotivation

M-VM-V

VICTOR H VROOMVICTOR H VROOM

EXPECATANCY THEORYEXPECATANCY THEORY

Efforts to reach a goal if they Efforts to reach a goal if they believe in worth of that goalbelieve in worth of that goal

Will action help? can achieve?Will action help? can achieve? Value on outcome of efforts X Value on outcome of efforts X

confidence that acts will aid in confidence that acts will aid in achievement of GOALS!achievement of GOALS!

FORCE = Valence * FORCE = Valence * expectancyexpectancy

F= strength of motivationF= strength of motivation

V= strength of preference for V= strength of preference for outcomeoutcome

E= probability of desired outcomeE= probability of desired outcome

Indifference Indifference V=O V=O

No goals V= -veNo goals V= -ve

[BOTH V & E [BOTH V & E ≠ O or –ve]≠ O or –ve]

PORTER LYMAN W.PORTER LYMAN W.LAWLER EDWARD E.LAWLER EDWARD E.

PORTER AND LAWLER MODELPORTER AND LAWLER MODEL

EFFORT Function[value of EFFORT Function[value of reward +amount of energy & reward +amount of energy & probability of receiving awards]probability of receiving awards]

Perceived efforts and probability of Perceived efforts and probability of getting rewards are influenced by getting rewards are influenced by the record of actual performance the record of actual performance

Performance is decided by efforts, Performance is decided by efforts, ability and perception of the ability and perception of the REQUIRED TASK IS!REQUIRED TASK IS!

Performance leads to Performance leads to

1.Intrinsic rewards1.Intrinsic rewards

2.Extrinsic rewards2.Extrinsic rewards

IR is sense of achievement IR is sense of achievement

ER is working condition, statusER is working condition, status

Rewards tempered by what is seen Rewards tempered by what is seen as the equitable ,leads to as the equitable ,leads to satisfactionsatisfaction

Performance also influence sensed Performance also influence sensed equitable rewardsequitable rewards

Fair rewards for effort will affect Fair rewards for effort will affect satisfaction derivedsatisfaction derived

Actual value of rewards will be Actual value of rewards will be influenced by satisfactioninfluenced by satisfaction

M-VIIM-VII

J STACY ADAMSJ STACY ADAMS

Equity theory Equity theory

[or inequity theory][or inequity theory]

Is rewards (perceived as) FAIR?Is rewards (perceived as) FAIR?

Outcome by a = outcome by Outcome by a = outcome by another another

person personperson person

Inputs by a Inputs by Inputs by a Inputs by anotheranother

person person person person

M-VIIIM-VIII

B.F. SKINNERB.F. SKINNER

Reinforcement theoryReinforcement theory

Approach is called as positive Approach is called as positive reinforcement reinforcement

Or behavior modificationOr behavior modification

Analyze work situationAnalyze work situation Change to eliminate obstaclesChange to eliminate obstacles Specific goals with participationSpecific goals with participation Regular feedback with participationRegular feedback with participation Performance improvementsPerformance improvements Praise, rewards, recognitionsPraise, rewards, recognitions

[Emery air freight corporation][Emery air freight corporation]

M-IX M-IX

DAVID c. McClellandDAVID c. McClelland

[a p a or M`s need theory][a p a or M`s need theory]

Afflation Afflation

PowerPower

AchievementAchievement

M-XM-X

CHRIS ARGYRUSCHRIS ARGYRUS

Theory of immaturity-maturityTheory of immaturity-maturity

Multidimensional Multidimensional developmentsdevelopmentsseven basis changesseven basis changes Passive..activePassive..active Dependence…independenceDependence…independence Behave in 1 or A[few ways or B] Behave in 1 or A[few ways or B]

variety of waysvariety of ways Shallow interest..deep interestShallow interest..deep interest

Short time perspective..long term Short time perspective..long term perspectiveperspective

Sub-ordinate..equal or superSub-ordinate..equal or super Lack of awareness of Lack of awareness of

self..awareness of control of selfself..awareness of control of self

M-XIM-XI

LYNDAL F.URWICKLYNDAL F.URWICK

[Theory Z ][Theory Z ]

Goods & service at THE Goods & service at THE pricesprices

Consumers are able and willing to Consumers are able and willing to paypay

[..model in Z shape..][..model in Z shape..]

Special motivation Special motivation techniquestechniques MoneyMoney ParticipationParticipation Quality of working life[ QWL]Quality of working life[ QWL] job enrichmentjob enrichment Job based techniquesJob based techniques MBO techniquesMBO techniques Supervisory techniquesSupervisory techniques Groups based techniquesGroups based techniques Training T or T groupsTraining T or T groups