Post on 07-May-2015
description
Tracking Diffusion of Improved Wheat and Maize Varieties with DNA Finger Printing in Ethiopia: Pilot Project
Preliminary results
Regional Dialogue on Strengthening African Seed
SystemJuly 14 – 25 2014
OutlineIntroduction
Some facts about wheat and maize production in Ethiopia
Wheat and maize varieties released to date
Farmer knowledge of wheat and maize varieties
Need for DNA finger printing assisted adoption study
MethodologySurvey instruments
DNA data application
ResultsPerceived adoption of wheat and maize varieties
Varietal adoption estimates based on DNA finger printing techniques
Comparison of adoption estimates from farmer recalls and DNA finger printing estimates
Implications
Introduction
Maize and Wheat has been recognized as a strategic food security crop in the country’s attempt to bridge the persistent food gap
Compared to other cereal crops grown:Maize is first in terms of volume of production- 6.1 million tons (CSA, 2012)
Second in terms of area – 2.1 million ha (CSA, 2012)
The highest in productivity – 2.9 tons/ha (CSA, 2012)
Produced in all regions of the country (but relatively less in Afar and Somali Regional States)
Wheat is the fourth important cereal crop in terms of area and volume of production – 1.4 million ha and 2.9 million tons
Introduction (cont…)
In view of the importance of maize and wheat on the country’s food security a lot of resources has been invested to generate and make available improved varieties and complementary technologies
Both maize and wheat research programs are relatively successful
Both have strong collaboration with CGIAR centers (CIMMYT, ICARDA)
Maize varieties released in Ethiopia, by decade
1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-20090
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
OPV
Hybrid
Decade
Num
ber
of m
aize
var
ieti
es r
e-le
ase
Source: MoA, 2012
Introduction (cont…)
Number of improved wheat varieties released by year of release, Ethiopia
Year Released Improved Wheat varieties (Number)
Bread wheat Durum wheat Total
Before 1981 3 - 3
1981-1990 3 1 4
1991-2000 15 8 23
2001-2010 25 20 45
Total 46 39 85
Source: MoA, 2012
Introduction (cont…)
Introduction (cont…)
These improved varieties with associated crop management practices have been made available to farmers
Sasakawa Global (SG 2000) initiative the participatory demonstration and training extension system- PADETESScaling up efforts of EIAR and RARIs
Hence, uptake of the improved varieties by farmers and their impact on HH welfare remained a concern to all involved in the generation and transfer of wheat technologies
Adoption studies before 1990
the first technology adoption studies conducted in the 1970s to assess the successes of the Comprehensive Integrated Rural Development Projects and the Minimum Package Program
Most of the early adoption studies reported rather low awareness and limited adoption of improved varieties
weak research-extension linkage were identified as a major bottleneck for the low awareness and adoption of improved agricultural technologies
Introduction (cont…)
Adoption studies 1990 to 2010 The studies reported quite variable adoption rates ranging from zero as high as 74% for improved maize varieties
Most of the adopting farmers relied on recycled seeds, and came from old varieties
Major drawback of the studies were • Highly location specific
• Around research centers
• Project intervention areas
Fail to allow generalizations indispensable for policy making at national and regional levels
Introduction (cont…)
Farmer knowledge of improved varieties is limited casting doubt on the level of precision of adoption estimates based on farmer recalls
The challenges inherent in identifying individual varieties by the farmers demanded exploring better approaches
Introduction (cont…)
Objective
Validate the application of DNA fingerprinting techniques in tracking varietal adoption for maize and wheat in Ethiopia
Technical feasibility
Logistical feasibility
Methodology
Conducted in three zones of Oromiya: East Wollega, West Shewa and West Arsi;
The pilot research had three main areas of data generation
The first is related with the collection of seed samples from CSA crop cuts
The second involved the collection of samples of reference materials from breeders and seed enterprises
The third is questionnaire based data collection from sample HHs from whom crop cut samples were taken
Completed questionnaires, collected reference materials and crop cuts (seed samples)
Wheat Maize Total
Reference library 75 39 114
Collected Samples 393 472 865
Questionnaires393 (368) 469
Methodology (cont…)
Survey Instrument
DNA data application
Correlation of sample DNA with reference material greater than 70% was considered as threshold for identification of varieties
Methodology (cont…)
Results: Wheat
Main findings - Wheat
Farmer response(recalls): 62% of the farmers adopted improved wheat varieties
DNA Finger Printing: 96% of the farmers used improved wheat
Only 9.3% of the farmers were able to correctly indentify the improved wheat varieties culitvated
Comparison of estimates of improved wheat variety adoption based on from farmer recalls and DNA finger printing
Name of wheat variety grown
Farmer Response Correctly Predicted
(N=368) % N=33
% from farmer responses
% from DNA results
Digelu (SHA 7/KAUZ ) 85 23.10 18 21.18 18.8Kubsa (HAR-1685) 44 11.96 12 27.27 10.9Dashen (HAR 408) 25 6.79 0 0.00 0.0Pavon-76 20 5.43 3 15.00 14.3Kakaba 8 2.17 0 0.00 0.0Tusie (HAR-1407) 5 1.36 0 0.00 0.0Gasay (HAR-3730) 3 0.82 0 0.00 0.0Danda’a 3 0.82 0 0.00 0.0Galema (HAR-604) 2 0.54 0 0.00 0.0Mada-Walabu (HAR-1480) 2 0.54 0 0.00 0.0Dereselign 1 0.27 0 0.00 0.0Mitike (HAR-1709) 1 0.27 0 0.00 0.0Hawii (HAR-2501) 1 0.27 0 0.00 0.0Improved but unknown 28 7.61 0 0.00 0.0Total 228 61.96 33 14.47 9.3
Results: Maize
Main findings - Maize
Farmer response (recalls): 56% HHs used improved maize varieties
DNA results: 64% of the farmers used improved maize varieties
Only 47% of the farmers were able to correctly indentify the improved maize varieties they cultivated (all for hybrid users)
Implications - technical
Farmers report underestimate the use of improved varieties compared to DNA results:
62% 96% for wheat
56% 64% for maize
Very few farmers correctly know what type of varieties they grow
9.3% for wheat
47% for maize (all for hybrids)
Implications - TechnicalThe observed difference between farmer response and DNA fingerprinting results in reported/identified varieties suggest further investigation of agro-ecological targeting of varieties
High potential for wider application of the DNA fingerprinting technique for estimating more accurately varietal adoption rates, assessing seed demand, estimate impact of crop improvement programs by linking with
Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSS) including GIS information, respondents socioeconomic data etc.,
Ethiopian Soil Information System (EthioSIS)
The DNA capacity could also help in resolving seed quality disputes that has become common recently
Implications – Logistics The logistical arrangement for DNA sample and data collection was found to be relatively efficient
Linking the data collection efforts with CSA AgSS made the approach cost effective and nationally representative
The National Biotechnology Lab demonstrated commendable professional performance
Implications – Improvement Areas
Better alignment with CSA AgSS in terms of timing, adjustment of questionnaire contents, logistic of sample exchange, etc
Need further strengthen the capacity of the National Biotechnology Lab both in terms of physical facilities and human resources
Develop scaling strategy to guide the application of the approach
How to mainstream in the national programs (CSA, EIAR, partners etc)
How frequently to undertake
Crops to be included
THANK U ALL!