Disorders of the Endocrine System

Thyroid Gland

Hormone: Thyroxin

Overactivity (Too much hormone)

- Increased metabolic rate

- Increased food intake but loss of weight

- Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)

- Goiter (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

Goiter

Thyroid Gland

Hormone: Thyroxin

Underactivity (Not enough hormone)- Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)- Reduced metabolic rate- Low food intake but gain of weight- Myxoedema (when onset in adults)- Cretinism (when onset in children)- Can also cause a goiter

Myxoedema

• Puffiness (swelling)

• Fatigue

• Obesity

• Dry, thickened skin

• Mental impairment

• Thin, brittle hair

Cretinism

• Protuberant abdomen

• Short Stature

• Infertility

• Neurological impairment

• Constant Fatigue

• Obesity

Thyroid Gland

Hormone: Calcitonin

Overactivity- Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca- Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or

cramps)

Underactivity- Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca- Osteoporosis (brittle bones)- Kidney stones

Parathyroid Glands

Hormone: Parathormone (PTH)

Underactivity- Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca- Tetany

Overactivity- High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca- Osteoporosis

Pancreas

Hormone: Insulin

Overactivity- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)- Hypoglycemia

Underactivity- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)- Hyperglycemia - Diabetes

Pancreas

Hormone: Glucagon

Overactivity- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)- Diabetes

Underactivity- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)- Hyper insulinism

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Hormone: Growth Hormone

Overactive- Gigantism (children - very tall)- Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)

Underactive- Dwarfism (very short)

Gigantism

The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

Acromegaly

Dwarfism

Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s

Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate

Overactive• Goiter• Hyperthyroidism• Grave’s Disease

Underactive• Goiter• Hypothyroidism• Hashimoto’s Disease• Myxoedema (adults)• Cretinism (kids)

Calcitonin – Increase Ca uptake by bones and decrease Ca level in blood

Overactive• Tetany

Underactive• Kidney Stones• Osteoporosis

Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone

Overactive• Kidney Stones• Osteoporosis

Underactive• Tetany

Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels

Overactive• Hypoglycemia• Hyperinsulinism

(insulin shock)

Underactive• Hyperglycemia• Diabetes

Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone

Calcitonin – Parathormone -

Over Reactivity

Under Reactivity

Blood Ca

Blood Ca

Blood Ca

Blood Ca

Tetany

Tetany

•Osteoporosis•Kidney Stones

•Osteoporosis•Kidney Stones

Blood Ca Blood Ca

Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels

Overactive• Hyperglycemia• Diabetes

Underactive• Hypoglycemia• Hyperinsulinism

Insulin vs Glucagon

Insulin – Glucagon -

Over Reactivity

Under Reactivity

BSL

•Hyperglycemia•Diabetes

BSL

•Hyperglycemia•Diabetes

Hypoglycemia

BSL

BSLBSL

Hypoglycemia

BSL

GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth

Overactive• Gigantism (children)• Acromegaly (adults)

Underactive• Dwarfism (Frohlich’s

and Lorrain)

MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken

Overactive• Skin darkens

Under active• Skin will not darken• Most severe condition

is albinism

LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in

sperm or egg (gamete) production

Overactive• Unknown

Underactive• Sterility

Corticoid imbalances:

https://www.google.com/search?q=cushing+syndrome+picture&newwindow=1&tbm=isch&imgil=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%253BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%25252F2014%25252F06%25252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%252CG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%252C_&usg=__RFAxiPerBprh01T7C56wx96irXY%3D&biw=1280&bih=855&ved=0CD0Qyjc&ei=XSwsVZ3NF5HksAS2yoCYAg#imgrc=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%3BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fimg.docstoccdn.com%252Fthumb%252Forig%252F77842308.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%252F2014%252F06%252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html%3B1500%3B1125

ADDISON’S DISEASE – RARE

http://hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu/ui/addisons/plate1.html

Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec.

inflammation

Overactive• Cushing’s Syndrome

Underactive• Addison’s Disease• Decreased cortisol

and/or aldosterone production