Transcript of DIOXIN Pesticides Sigid Hariyadi PCBs. POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical...
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- DIOXIN Pesticides Sigid Hariyadi PCBs
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- POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical
substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through
the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human
health and the environment. The "dirty dozen" includes: (1)PCBs
(2)aldrin (3)chlordane (4)DDT (5)dieldrin (6) endrin (7) heptachlor
(8) hexachlorbenzene (9) mirex (10) polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins (11) polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and (12)
toxaphene. Bahan kimia yang tetap ada di lingkungan (tidak luruh,
tidak terurai) Bioakumulasi dalam jejaring makanan Menyebabkan
resiko yg merusak bagi kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan
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- POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) Dioxin, PCB, DDT
(Chlorinated) Examples = Dioxin, PCB, DDT (Chlorinated) Dioxin :
stable; slow to degrade
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- P ersistent O rganic P ollutants - Dioxin Accumulates in fat of
animals biomagnification Generated from: burning wood, coal, oil,
household trash, and chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper - cancer
- weakened immune response Causes:
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- P ersistent O rganic P ollutants - PCBs non-flammable; not
dissolved in water; non-flammable; not dissolved in water; high
boiling points; high boiling points; does not conduct electricity
well used for transformers and capacitors. does not conduct
electricity well used for transformers and capacitors. PCBs :
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- Sources of PCBs Due to their stability, use in industrial
processes and product (e.g. dielectric fluida in capasitor and
transformator).
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- Production and uses of PCBs CompoundTrade NamesMajor Uses
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Aroclor; Phemoclor; Kanechlor;
Clopen Clophen; Fenclor; Santotherm Capacitor Dielectric;
Transformer collant; Hydraulic fluid; Heat transfer fluid.
Polychlorinated triphenyls (PCT) Aroclor; KanechlorAdhesives and
sealants Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) HalowaxCapasitor
dielectric, oil additive Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)
FiremasterFire retardant
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- P ersistent O rganic P ollutants - PCBs More than one billion
pounds of PCBs have been made Causes: Accumulates in fat of animals
biomagnification - cancer - hormonal and reproductive disruptions -
decrease cognitive abilities (dopamine)
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- Chemical Structures of PCBs
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- Chemical Properties of PCBs Chemical characteristics of PCBs
are mostly determined by positions and number of chlor content High
Stability especially those with more than 5 atomic chlor content;
Hydrophobic; Lipophilic; Low solubility. (hydro= air, phobia=
takut) (lipo lipid= lemak, philic= suka)
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- Behaviour of PCBs in an Ecosystem Dispersion (as a function of
solubility); Low Degradation (higher chlor content, more difficult
to degrade); Mobility and absorption in sediment (higher chlor
content, lower mobility); Availability in sediment depend on its
texture and organic material content (High PCBs content in fine
sediment).
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- Biodegradation of Biodegradation of PCBs:
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- Accumulation of PCBs Readily accumulated through water and food
PCBs is accumulated in lipid. Sedimentary Organisms are
contaminated with a concentration similar or more than that
observed in sediment.
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- Elimination of PCBs Elimination of PCBs from organisms is
related to the chemical properties Uptake rate and depuration in
mussels is high for higher chlor PCBs, but low for those having low
chlor content. Decreasing consentration of PCBs in female organism
occurs in a gametogenesis period in which PCBs is transferred to
her eggs (more lipophilic), or in a spawning period. cleanse
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- PESTISIDA
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- PESTICIDE WHAT IS A PESTICIDE ? a pesticide is any agent used
to kill or control any pest. Pests can be insects, rodents or
birds, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or microorganisms such as
bacteria and viruses. herbicides fungicides Many household products
are pesticides: microbiocides rodenticides Obat nyamuk dan serangga
(semprot, bakar, gel) racun tikus bahan anti jamur berbagai
desinfektan (pembersih lantai)
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Docs/ref_general1.html
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- Active ingredients are the specific chemicals contained in a
pesticide product that are designed to kill a particular pest. By
law, the active ingredient must be identified by name on the label
together with its percentage by weight. "Inert" ingredients are
commonly mixed with the active ingredients to create a formulated
pesticide product. Formulated pesticide products are the form of
the pesticide that is available to the consumer, grower, or pest
control applicator, and may take the form of sprays, bait stations,
fly strips (pita perangkap lalat), dusts, etc.
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- Inert ingredients include solvents, emulsifiers, spreaders, and
other substances mixed into pesticide products to increase the
effectiveness of the active ingredients, make the product easier to
apply, or to allow several active ingredients to mix in one
solution. An inert ingredient is simply any ingredient in the
product that is not intended to affect a target pest. Inert
ingredients can be as much as 99% of pesticide products. Many inert
ingredients have adverse health effects and may themselves be used
as pesticides. The U.S. EPA list of pesticide inert ingredients: 8
of 382 inert ingr. of toxicological concern 75 of 382 inert ingr.
potentially toxic
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- Chemical Structures of Pesticides:
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- Pesticides in Marine Environment Chlorophenoxy acids (e.g. 2,4
D) Substituted tetrahydrophthalinides (e.g. captan) Organochlorine
(e.g. p,p-DDT, lindane, dieldrine, dan mirex) Organophosphorus
compounds (e.g. malathion) Carbamate (e.g. carbanyl)
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- Most Common Pesticides DDT =
(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl) -ethane), DDD =
(1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane) DDE =
(1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl) -ethylene)
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- Persistent Organic Pollutants - DDT DDT is an insecticide;
stable and slow to degrade. Paul Muller won the Nobel Prize in 1948
for developing DDT. Benefits = Controlled spread of malaria;
Provided crop protection
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- Problems with DDT: DDT is not metabolized very rapidly by
animals; instead, it is deposited and stored in the fatty tissues
biomagnification Persistent Organic Pollutants - DDT
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- Toxic to fish Increased mortality in birds: calcium decreased
in egg shells Persistent Organic Pollutants - DDT
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- Accumulation of DDT In fish, come through predation, and also
skin and gill. Short exposure at a concentration of < 1 g/L is
toxic for freshwater and marine fish. Mature Organisms contaminated
DDT can be transferred to embryo and lead to death within a
concentration range of 1,1 - 2,4 g/kg.
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- DDT as Persistent compound due to: Low vapour pressure High
solubility in lipid Resistant to degradation and
photooxidation
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- Transformation of DDT DDE exists within aerobic or oxidation
condition. DDD exists within anaerob or reduction conditions. DDE
and DDD have similar stability and toxicity to DDT.
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- Estrogen mimic in Vertebrates: feminizes males - lower sperm
count; alters behavior Human Health: decreased mental function male
infertility male infertility cancer cancer Persistent Organic
Pollutants - DDT
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- Unintentional Pathways: Persistent Organic Pollutants -
DDT
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- Problems with DDT (and other pesticides): Evolution of
resistance Non-target species and creation of new pests Persistent
Organic Pollutants DDT
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- Biomagnification of DDT (ppm) Sea-water 1 x 10 -6 Fresh-water 1
x 10 -5 Organic debris 0.3 13.0 Cladophore 0.03 Plankton 0.04 Marsh
plants 0.33 2.8 shrimp 0.16 Mud snail 0.26 Clam 0.42 Insects 0.23
0.3 (Preston, 1989) Fish (0.17 2.07) Fish-eating birds (0.17
2.07)
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- Pesticides Cycles
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- CompoundFresh water aquatic lifeHuman fish consumption
Aldrin3.0 ug/liter (acute)0.079 ng/liter Chlordane2.4 ug/liter
(acute)0.46 ng/liter Dieldrin2.5 ug/liter (acute)0.076 ng/liter
DDT1.1 ug/liter (acute)0.024 ng/liter DDE1,050 ug/liter (acute)N/A
Mirex0.001 ug/liter (chronic)N/A Parathion0.065 ug/liter (acute)N/A
Pesticide Concentration Standard
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