Post on 09-Jan-2016
description
1
Development of CVD Diamond Tracking Detectors for Experiments
at High Luminosity Colliders
RD42 Status Report
Peter WeilhammerCERN and Ohio State University
for theRD42 CollaborationLHCC Presentation
CERN, February 18, 2010
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 2P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 2
RD42 Collaboration 2010
M. Artuso25, D. Asner22, M. Barbero1, V. Bellini2, V. Belyaev15, E. Berdermann8, P. Bergonzo14, S. Blusk25, A. Borgia25, J-M. Brom10, M. Bruzzi5, D. Chren23, V. Cindro12, G. Claus10, M. Cristinziani1, S. Costa2, J. Cumalat24, R. D’Alessandro6, W. de Boer13, D. Dobos3, I. Dolenc12, W. Dulinski10, J. Duris20, V. Eremin9, R. Eusebi7, H. Frais-Kolbl4, A. Furgeri13, K.K. Gan16, M. Goffe10, J. Goldstein21, A. Golubev11, A. Gorisek12, E. Griesmayer4, E. Grigoriev11, D. Hits17, M. Hoeferkamp26, F. Huegging1, H. Kagan16,, R. Kass16, G. Kramberger12, S. Kuleshov11, S. Kwan7, S. Lagomarsino6, A. La Rosa3, A. Lo Giudice18, I. Mandic12, C. Manfredotti18, C. Manfredotti18, A. Martemyanov11, D. Menichelli5, M. Mikuz12, M. Mishina7, J. Moss16, R. Mountain25, S. Mueller13, G. Oakham22, A. Oh27, P. Olivero18, G. Parrini6, H. Pernegger3, M. Pomorski14, R. Potenza2, K. Randrianarivony22, A. Robichaud22, S. Roe3, S. Schnetzer17, T. Schreiner4, S. Sciortino6, S. Seidel26, S. Smith16, B. Sopko23, K. Stenson24, R. Stone17, C. Sutera2, M. Traeger8, D. Tromson14, W. Trischuk19, J-W. Tsung1, C. Tuve2, P. Urquijo25, J. Velthuis21, E. Vittone18, S. Wagner24, J. Wang25, R. Wallny20, P. Weilhammer3,, N. Wermes1
Spokespersons
70 87 Participants
1 Universitat at Bonn, Bonn, Germany2 INFN/University of Catania, Catania, Italy3 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland4 Wiener Neustadt, Austria5 INFN/University of Florence, Florence, Italy6 Department of Energetics/INFN, Florence, Italy7 FNAL, Batavia, USA8 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany9 Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia10 IPHC, Strasbourg, France11 ITEP, Moscow, Russia12 Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia13 Universitat at Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany14 CEA-LIST, Saclay, France15 MEPHI Institute, Moscow, Russia16 Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA17 Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA18 University of Torino, Torino, Italy19 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada20 UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA21 University of Bristol, Bristol, UK22 Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada23 Czech Technical Univ., Prague, Czech Republic24 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA25 Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA26 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA27 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
22 27 Institutes
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 3
Outline of Talk
Introduction Material and manufacturers Radiation Hardness Studies Pixel Module Construction and Results Applications in Experiments Requests from CERN Summary
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 4
INTRODUCTION
Motivation: Need Tracking Devices Close to Interaction Region of Experiments at LHC and more important at sLHC
Possible Materials with adequate properties:
► Radiation Hardness (possibly survive to end of experiment)
► Low dielectric constant low capacitance
► Low leakage current (even after strong irradiation) low noise for readout
► Room temperature operation
► Fast signal collection
Many materials are and have been considered:
Clearly Silicon: but radiation hardness of Si at 1016 p/cm2 is also difficult,
Was p on, now n on p?
4H-SiC, 6H-SiC, GaN, GaAs, CZT, a-Si(H),…
CVD diamond will be discussed in this talk
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 5
INTRODUCTION
Main activities in RD42:
► Material Studies
► Radiation Hardness tests of presently highest quality pCVD and scCVD diamond
► Beam tests to characterize quality
► Pixel module preparation and tests
► Manufacturing Developments
► So far diamond material supplied by/in collaboration with Diamond Detector Ltd/ Element Six Ltd.
► See also: http://rd42.web.cern.ch/RD42
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 6
O
Motivation: Tracking Devices Close to Interaction Region of Experiments at the SLHC
Scale is ~ 1016 cm−2 → Annual replacement of inner layers perhaps? Probably not very practical
INTRODUCTION
► Pixels at r = 4 – 30 cm, Strips at r = 30 - to 100cm
► Below r = 25cm charged particles dominate
For 6000fb-1
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 7
Material and Manufacturers
Polycrystalline CVD Diamond (pCVD)
First measurements on new samples done with 90Sr sources:
► Contacts on both sides- contact structures from several m to cm
► Usually operate at 1 – 2V/m
► Test procedure: dot strips pixels on same diamond
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 8
Material and Manufacturers
New wafers are continually being produced Wafer collection distance now typically 250 m (edge) to 310 m (center) Contract for material with ccd > 275 m
5” wafer DDL
Cr/Au dots are 1 cm apart
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 9
Material and Manufacturers
• Source data well separated from 0 amplitude• Collections distance now ~ 300m• Most probable charge now ~ 9000 e-
• 99% of PH distribution above 4000 e-
• FWHM/MP ~ 0.95--- Si has ~0.5• More than five 5 inch wafers grown and measured with that quality
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 10
A Single Crystal CVD Diamond from Element six
Maximum side dimensions ~12 to 14mm
Usually more like ~5mm x ~5mm
Material and Manufacturers
ATLAS FE-I3
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 11P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 11
Recent Sensor work - DDL
• ccd guaranteed above 275 µm– Delivered four 18mm x 64mm sensors for ATLAS (FE-I3)– Delivered four 18mm x 21mm sensors for ATLAS (FE-I4)– Achieved ccd>275 mm on one part so far– Working on surface properties
• RD42 measures wafers before choosing parts• Caveat – DDL seems to have exhausted the stock of good
wafers, E6 growing fresh wafers
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 12P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report
First Quote for DDL Material
• Budgetary quote in hand for large order• 20mm x 20mm size
750 CHF/cm2 for 500pcs625 CHF/cm2 for 1000pcs
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 13P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 13
New Manufacturer: II-VI
• New US producer– Large company (sold eV products to EI recently) based
in Saxonburg, PA
– Interested in electronic grade diamonds to enrich their product line
– Delivered many parts for characterization– Produced a ~1.5 mm thick 5” wafer in
their “normal” process• Not tailored to HEP applications at all
– Delivered four 18mm x 21mm parts• As grown – no processing so far
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 14
Free Samples given to OSU
• 20 samples were measured
• Good IV characteristics
• So far - mostly thin samples
• Compare well with earlier RD42 samples from Element-Six
Initial Collection Distance Measurements
II-VI has a development project in electronic grade CVD diamond
Material and Manufacturers
~ 8 years ago El-6
First Samples Tested
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 15P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report
Recent Material from II-VI
• As grown, ~1.5 mm thick• Surprisingly good results
– ccd uniform across all samples– 220-230 µm @ 0.7 V/µm, not saturated
(Error in metallization, CCD lower limit)• Working with II-VI to optimize further
– Take off substrate side in steps– Go to higher fields
• Ultimate goal : – 500µm thick, 300µm CCD, – 300-400 CHF/cm2
Not yet committed to regular sales
Substrate side
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 16
Substrate side
Growth side
First Results From Thick II-VI Wafer
Collection Distance (ccd) versus VoltageSamples as grown
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 17
Important Parameters for Radiation Hardness:
- binding energy
- displacement energy
- elastic, inelastic, total cross section
Radiation Hardness of CVD Material
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 18
Radiation Hardness Studies
pCVD Diamond Trackers:
Patterning the diamond → pads, strips, pixels! Successfully made double-sided devices; edgeless. Use trackers (strip or pixel) in radiation studies - charge and position.
Single sided strip
Double-Sided Strip
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 19
Radiation Hardness Studies
Polycrystalline CVD (pCVD) Diamond irradiated up to 1.4x1015
Application is pixel detectors
At the LHC, thresholds are Noise (1400e) limited
PH distributions look good after irradiation of 1.4x1015p/cm2, > 99%
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 20
Single Crystal CVD (scCVD) Diamond irradiations at 1.5x1015
► PH distributions look narrow before and after irradiation
► PH distributions after 1.5x1015p/cm2 → > 99% for pixel detector.
Radiation Hardness Studies
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 21
Radiation Hardness Studies
pCVD and scCVD diamond follow the same damage curve:
1/ccd=1/ccd0 +k
24 GeV p irradiation
Beam test results
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 22
Radiation Hardness Studies
Most CVD diamond irradiations have been done with 24 GeV protons
Lower energy protons irradiations also under way
Irradiations with neutrons have been done; still under analysis
Pions!
Example: 800 MeV sample irradiation in Los Alamos Dec. 2009
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 23
Radiation Hardness Studies
Very Recent:
70MeV protons 3× more damaging than 24GeV protons:
But follow the same curve:
1/ccd=1/ccd0 +k
70 MeV Protons (Japan)
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 24P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 24
Radiation Hardness Studies-Pions
• Need pions in n x 100MeV ballpark– Applied for beam at PSI (with RD-50)
• Use scCVD to maximize damage effect
– Negotiate very simple pion beam line at LANL• If approved, could reach sLHC fluences• Quick evaluation with strip detectors in 800 MeV
proton beam
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 25
pCVD and scCVD Pixel Detectors
- Signal
- Noise, threshold
- Charge sharing, signal over threshold
Issues:
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 26
1-Chip and full 16 Chip ATLAS diamond pixel modules
Single chip and full modules bump-bonded at IZM (Berlin), constructed
and tested in Bonn Operating parameters (FE-I3): Peaking Time 22ns, Noise 140e,Threshold 1450-1550e, Threshold Spread 25e
pCVD Pixel Detectors
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 27
The ATLAS pixel module - Bare Chip, No Detector - Noise, Threshold
Results: Bare Noise ~140e, Bare Mean Threshold ~1500e,
Bare Threshold Spread ~25e.
pCVD Pixel Detectors
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 28
The full ATLAS diamond pixel module - Noise, Threshold
Results: Noise ~ 137e, Mean Threshold 1454e, Threshold Spread ~25e.
Noise, threshold, threshold spread do not change from bare chip.
→ Advantage of low capacitance, no leakage current
pCVD Pixel Detectors
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 29
New: First Full Diamond Pixel Module Made in Industry
Begin with a tested raw diamond Clean → IZM in Berlin Receive finished, metalised, bump-bonded module!
pCVD Pixel Detectors (in Industry)
Full ATLAS Module with 16 chipsBare Substrate
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 30
Applications in Experiments
The 4 big experiments around LHC :
CMS, ALICE, LHCb, and ATLAS
have projects for beam monitoring and high luminosity upgrades involving scCVD and pCVD diamond detector substrates.
Also LHC control is working on a CVD diamond beam control detector.
In the following few slides I comment on some ATLAS implementations and plans
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 31
On the bases of these results ATLAS officially approved Upgrade R&D on
Diamond Pixel Detectors
Proposing Institutes: Carleton University (Canada) University of Toronto (Canada) University of Bonn (Germany) Joˇzef Stefan Institute (Slovenia) CERN Ohio State University (US) Submitted May 2007 Approved Feb 2008 Technical Decision 2010
Reference → ATU-RD-MN-0012, EDMS ID: 903424
Applications ATLAS
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 32
PIXELPIXEL
SCT B.SCT B.
TRT B.TRT B. TRT End CapTRT End Cap
SCT End CapSCT End Cap
BCMBCM
Agilent MGA-62653 500Mhz Agilent MGA-62653 500Mhz (gain: 22 dB, NF: 0.9dB)(gain: 22 dB, NF: 0.9dB)
2 x 1cm2 x 1cm22 pCVD diamondpCVD diamond
2 x 1cm2 x 1cm22 pCVD diamondpCVD diamond
Mini Circuits GALI-52 Mini Circuits GALI-52 1 GHz (20 dB)1 GHz (20 dB)
The ATLAS BCM system
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 33
• Time difference hit on A side to hit on C side
• Most of data reconstructed offline• Sub ns resolution of BCM clearly visible
(0.69 ns) without offline timing corrections applied
• Beam dump fired by BCM during LHC aperture scan
• Ready to protect ATLAS
BCM results
1177 LHC orbits – ~100 ms
after BA is fired the buffer is recorded for additional 100 LHC orbits (~10 ms)
increasing activity
BA is fired
~10
ms
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 34
REQUESTS FROM CERN
The RD42 Role at CERN Irradiations, development of new manufacturers, sample procurement, test beams Central facilities for all experiments this worked for BCM’s CERN Group in RD42 to be strengthened
RD42 Request to CERN/LHCC RD42 is supported by many national agencies:
continuation of official recognition by CERN critical
50kCHF from CERN/ ~200kCHF from outside CERN RD42 requires access to CERN facilities:
maintain the present 20 m2 of lab space (test setups, detector prep, ...)
maintain present office space
test beam time
RD42 and CERN play a critical role in diamond development
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 35
Summary
Further Progress in Material Quality and New Manufacturers
pCVD - 320 μm collection distance diamond attained in wafer growth
scCVD – Radiation Hardness measured; pixel detectors in preparation
One new CVD diamond manufacturer has come onto the scene. Produce very
good material.
Radiation Hardness of Diamond Trackers established; further measurements
essential (pions)
Diamond Pixel Detectors
Successfully tested a complete ATLAS module and scCVD module
Full modules in production. Industrial production in place.
Diamond R&D Approved by ATLAS for IBL and LHC Upgrade
Beam Conditions Monitoring
Application of diamond successful in BaBar, CDF, Alice, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb….
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 36
Additional Material
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 37
Material and Manufacturers
RD42 has started working with two more Companies (Germany and US) to develop detector grade diamond material, both pCVD and scCVD material
Samples from a german company “Diamond Materials” (Fraunhofer Institute in Freiburg)
Show charge collection distance of ~100m
Four DM wafers different sizes
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 38
The First scCVD ATLAS diamond pixel detector
The hit map plotted for all scintillation triggers with trigger in telescope. The raw hit map looks goods - only 1 dead pixel
scCVD Pixel Detectors
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 39
Irradiated scCVD Diamond Pixel Module
Full module irradiated - electronics and diamond. Data falls on expected damage curve! Presently taking data at various incident angles.
scCVD Pixel Detectors
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 40
Main goal – protection of ATLAS• In case of anomalous beam behaviour
and large losses • Distinguish between interactions and
background (scraping of collimators, beam gas,...)
better than 12.5 ns width+baseline restoration
In addition• Collision rate/background rate
monitoring (with single MIP sensitivity)
• Bunch-by-bunch Luminosity measurement – counting tracks, coincidences – zero counting,…
• Triggering:– BCM provides 6 different inputs to
ATLAS Central Trigger Processor (CTP)– In time coincidences, out of time
coincidences, high multiplicity,… can be programmed in readout board
BCM tasks
2 detector stations, symmetric in z
TAS (collimator) event: Δt=2z/c=12.5ns
Interaction: Δt = 0, 25, … ns Time
-6ns 6ns
AtrppBXA PrNNN )(L CA NNN CA NN
BC rate
number of pp in single BC (function of luminosity)number of tracks per pp
probability of track going to side A
February 18, 2010 P. Weilhammer – RD42 LHCC Report 41
8x8mm2 0.5mm thick diamond sensors used6 sensors on each side (A and C) installed on ID End PlateReadout adopted from LHC BLM system with minor modificationsRedundant system to BCM – safety only
BLM overview
…
• 7 TeV p on TAS collimator gives ~1 MIP/BLM module ~1 fC of charge– 25 pA of current “spike” for single
occurrence (possible with pilot bunch)– 40 nA of current for continuous loss (only
when full LHC bunch structure) • Diamond dark currents
– In magnetic field, should be O(10 pA) – Erratic currents, several nA w/o magnetic
field• Require 2 ch. Above threshold
simultaneously
BCM
BLM
~50 nA~50 nA
cou
nts
cou
nts
several hsingle ch.rates
several hsingle ch.rates