Post on 07-Jul-2020
wwwchrcornelledu
Cornell Hospitality ReportVol 11 No 13 July 2011
Developing a Sustainability Measurement Framework for Hotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
by Eric Ricaurte
Advisory Board
The Robert A and Jan M Beck Center at Cornell University
Cornell Hospitality Reports Vol 11 No 13 (July 2011)
copy 2011 Cornell University
Cornell Hospitality Report is produced for the benefit of the hospitality industry by The Center for Hospitality Research at Cornell University
Rohit Verma Executive DirectorJennifer Macera Associate DirectorGlenn Withiam Director of Publications
Center for Hospitality ResearchCornell University School of Hotel Administration489 Statler HallIthaca NY 14853
Phone 607-255-9780Fax 607-254-2922wwwchrcornelledu
Back cover photo by permission of The Cornellian and Jeff Wang
Niklas Andreacuteen Group Vice President Global Hospitality amp Partner Marketing Travelport GDS
Rarsquoanan Ben-Zur Chief Executive Officer French Quarter Holdings Inc
Scott Berman Principal Real Estate Business Advisory Services Industry Leader Hospitality amp Leisure PricewaterhouseCoopers
Raymond Bickson Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer Taj Group of Hotels Resorts and Palaces
Stephen C Brandman Co-Owner Thompson Hotels IncRaj Chandnani Vice President Director of Strategy WATGBenjamin J ldquoPatrickrdquo Denihan Chief Executive Officer
Denihan Hospitality GroupBrian Ferguson Vice President Supply Strategy and Analysis
Expedia North AmericaChuck Floyd Chief Operating OfficerndashNorth America HyattGregg Gilman Partner Co-Chair Employment Practices
Davis amp Gilbert LLP
Tim Gordon Senior Vice President Hotels pricelinecomSusan Helstab EVP Corporate Marketing
Four Seasons Hotels and ResortsJeffrey A Horwitz Chair Lodging + Gaming and Co-Head
Mergers + Acquisitions ProskauerKevin J Jacobs Senior Vice President Corporate Strategy amp
Treasurer Hilton WorldwideKenneth Kahn PresidentOwner LRP PublicationsKirk Kinsell President of Europe Middle East and Africa
InterContinental Hotels GroupRadhika Kulkarni PhD VP of Advanced Analytics RampD
SAS InstituteGerald Lawless Executive Chairman Jumeirah GroupMark V Lomanno CEO Smith Travel ResearchBetsy MacDonald Managing Director HVS Global Hospitality
ServicesDavid Meltzer Senior Vice President Global Business
Development Sabre Hospitality SolutionsWilliam F Minnock III Senior Vice President Global Operations
Deployment and Program Management Marriott International Inc
Mike Montanari VP Strategic Accounts Sales - Sales Management Schneider Electric North America
Shane OrsquoFlaherty President and CEO Forbes Travel GuideThomas Parham Senior Vice President and General Manager
Philips Hospitality AmericasChris Proulx CEO eCornell amp Executive EducationCarolyn D Richmond Partner Hospitality Practice Fox Rothschild
LLPSteve Russell Chief People Officer Senior VP Human Resources
McDonaldrsquos USAMichele Sarkisian Senior Vice President MaritzJanice L Schnabel Managing Director and Gaming Practice
Leader Marshrsquos Hospitality and Gaming PracticeTrip Schneck President and Co-Founder TIG Global LLCK Vijayaraghavan (Vijay) Chief Executive Sathguru
Management Consultants (P) LtdAdam Weissenberg Vice Chairman and US Tourism Hospitality
amp Leisure Leader Deloitte amp Touche USA LLP
Thank you to our generous Corporate Members
FriendsAmerican Tescor LLC bull Argyle Executive Forum bull Berkshire Healthcare bull Center for Advanced Retail Technology bull Cody Kramer Imports bull Cruise Industry News bull DK Shifflet amp Associates bull ehoteliercom bull EyeforTravel bull 4Hotelierscom bull Gerencia de Hoteles amp Restaurantes bull Global Hospitality Resources bull Hospitality Financial and Technological Professionals bull hospitalityInsidecom bull hospitalitynetorg bull Hospitality Technology Magazine bull Hotel Asia Pacific bull Hotel China bull HotelExecutivecom bull Hotel Interactive bull Hotel Resource bull International CHRIE bull International Hotel Conference bull International Society of Hospitality Consultants bull iPerceptions bull JDA Software Group Inc bull JD Power and Associates bull The Lodging Conference bull Lodging Hospitality bull Lodging Magazine bull LRA Worldwide Inc bull Milestone Internet Marketing bull MindFolio bull Mindshare Technologies bull PhoCusWright Inc bull PKF Hospitality Research bull Resort and Recreation Magazine bull The Resort Trades bull RestaurantEdgecom bull Shibata Publishing Co bull Synovate bull The TravelCom Network bull Travel + Hospitality Group bull UniFocus bull USA Today bull WageWatch Inc bull The Wall Street Journal bull WIWIHCOM bull Wyndham Green
PartnersDavis amp Gilbert LLP Deloitte amp Touche USA LLPDenihan Hospitality GroupeCornell amp Executive EducationExpedia Inc Forbes Travel GuideFour Seasons Hotels and Resorts Fox Rothschild LLP French Quarter Holdings Inc HVS Hyatt InterContinental Hotels Group Jumeirah GroupLRP PublicationsMarriott International IncMarshrsquos Hospitality Practice MaritzpricelinecomPricewaterhouseCoopersProskauerSathguru Management Consultants (P) Ltd Sabre Hospitality Solutions Schneider Electric Thayer Lodging Group Thompson HotelsTravelport
ASAE FoundationCarlson HotelsHilton WorldwideMcDonaldrsquos USAPhilips HospitalitySASSTRTaj Hotels Resorts and PalacesTIG Global
4 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AbouT The AuThor
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
byEricRicaurte
eric ricaurte works to advance sustainability by helping the worldrsquos leading global hospitality companies measure and report on key issues of corporate responsibility and sustainability (eer3cornelledu) He adds this to his 10 years of experience in operations and consulting for
hotels hospitality vendors tourism operators attractions and tourism boards in Latin America Eric is actively involved as a speaker roundtable organizer and writer in the topic of sustainability within the hotel industry His work includes the first hotel property GRI sustainability report and the first hotel report following the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria Ericrsquos research focuses on standardizing sustainability measurement within hospitality and tourism beginning as a finalist in the Hotel Schoolrsquos student research competition in 2001 for his paper titled ldquoCarbon sequestration offsetting and trading and their relation to travel and tourismrdquo Eric holds a Bachelor of Science from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and is a candidate for a Master of Science degree in Tourism Management from New York University
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5
exeCuTive SuMMAry
What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their
proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability
performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications
Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons
Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed
BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom
FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally
6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo
GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116
ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper
During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner
We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry
Sincerely
Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University
byEricRicaurte
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7
Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata
ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat
1Seewwwteebweborg
companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement
Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell
Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies
2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91
Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation
whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
Advisory Board
The Robert A and Jan M Beck Center at Cornell University
Cornell Hospitality Reports Vol 11 No 13 (July 2011)
copy 2011 Cornell University
Cornell Hospitality Report is produced for the benefit of the hospitality industry by The Center for Hospitality Research at Cornell University
Rohit Verma Executive DirectorJennifer Macera Associate DirectorGlenn Withiam Director of Publications
Center for Hospitality ResearchCornell University School of Hotel Administration489 Statler HallIthaca NY 14853
Phone 607-255-9780Fax 607-254-2922wwwchrcornelledu
Back cover photo by permission of The Cornellian and Jeff Wang
Niklas Andreacuteen Group Vice President Global Hospitality amp Partner Marketing Travelport GDS
Rarsquoanan Ben-Zur Chief Executive Officer French Quarter Holdings Inc
Scott Berman Principal Real Estate Business Advisory Services Industry Leader Hospitality amp Leisure PricewaterhouseCoopers
Raymond Bickson Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer Taj Group of Hotels Resorts and Palaces
Stephen C Brandman Co-Owner Thompson Hotels IncRaj Chandnani Vice President Director of Strategy WATGBenjamin J ldquoPatrickrdquo Denihan Chief Executive Officer
Denihan Hospitality GroupBrian Ferguson Vice President Supply Strategy and Analysis
Expedia North AmericaChuck Floyd Chief Operating OfficerndashNorth America HyattGregg Gilman Partner Co-Chair Employment Practices
Davis amp Gilbert LLP
Tim Gordon Senior Vice President Hotels pricelinecomSusan Helstab EVP Corporate Marketing
Four Seasons Hotels and ResortsJeffrey A Horwitz Chair Lodging + Gaming and Co-Head
Mergers + Acquisitions ProskauerKevin J Jacobs Senior Vice President Corporate Strategy amp
Treasurer Hilton WorldwideKenneth Kahn PresidentOwner LRP PublicationsKirk Kinsell President of Europe Middle East and Africa
InterContinental Hotels GroupRadhika Kulkarni PhD VP of Advanced Analytics RampD
SAS InstituteGerald Lawless Executive Chairman Jumeirah GroupMark V Lomanno CEO Smith Travel ResearchBetsy MacDonald Managing Director HVS Global Hospitality
ServicesDavid Meltzer Senior Vice President Global Business
Development Sabre Hospitality SolutionsWilliam F Minnock III Senior Vice President Global Operations
Deployment and Program Management Marriott International Inc
Mike Montanari VP Strategic Accounts Sales - Sales Management Schneider Electric North America
Shane OrsquoFlaherty President and CEO Forbes Travel GuideThomas Parham Senior Vice President and General Manager
Philips Hospitality AmericasChris Proulx CEO eCornell amp Executive EducationCarolyn D Richmond Partner Hospitality Practice Fox Rothschild
LLPSteve Russell Chief People Officer Senior VP Human Resources
McDonaldrsquos USAMichele Sarkisian Senior Vice President MaritzJanice L Schnabel Managing Director and Gaming Practice
Leader Marshrsquos Hospitality and Gaming PracticeTrip Schneck President and Co-Founder TIG Global LLCK Vijayaraghavan (Vijay) Chief Executive Sathguru
Management Consultants (P) LtdAdam Weissenberg Vice Chairman and US Tourism Hospitality
amp Leisure Leader Deloitte amp Touche USA LLP
Thank you to our generous Corporate Members
FriendsAmerican Tescor LLC bull Argyle Executive Forum bull Berkshire Healthcare bull Center for Advanced Retail Technology bull Cody Kramer Imports bull Cruise Industry News bull DK Shifflet amp Associates bull ehoteliercom bull EyeforTravel bull 4Hotelierscom bull Gerencia de Hoteles amp Restaurantes bull Global Hospitality Resources bull Hospitality Financial and Technological Professionals bull hospitalityInsidecom bull hospitalitynetorg bull Hospitality Technology Magazine bull Hotel Asia Pacific bull Hotel China bull HotelExecutivecom bull Hotel Interactive bull Hotel Resource bull International CHRIE bull International Hotel Conference bull International Society of Hospitality Consultants bull iPerceptions bull JDA Software Group Inc bull JD Power and Associates bull The Lodging Conference bull Lodging Hospitality bull Lodging Magazine bull LRA Worldwide Inc bull Milestone Internet Marketing bull MindFolio bull Mindshare Technologies bull PhoCusWright Inc bull PKF Hospitality Research bull Resort and Recreation Magazine bull The Resort Trades bull RestaurantEdgecom bull Shibata Publishing Co bull Synovate bull The TravelCom Network bull Travel + Hospitality Group bull UniFocus bull USA Today bull WageWatch Inc bull The Wall Street Journal bull WIWIHCOM bull Wyndham Green
PartnersDavis amp Gilbert LLP Deloitte amp Touche USA LLPDenihan Hospitality GroupeCornell amp Executive EducationExpedia Inc Forbes Travel GuideFour Seasons Hotels and Resorts Fox Rothschild LLP French Quarter Holdings Inc HVS Hyatt InterContinental Hotels Group Jumeirah GroupLRP PublicationsMarriott International IncMarshrsquos Hospitality Practice MaritzpricelinecomPricewaterhouseCoopersProskauerSathguru Management Consultants (P) Ltd Sabre Hospitality Solutions Schneider Electric Thayer Lodging Group Thompson HotelsTravelport
ASAE FoundationCarlson HotelsHilton WorldwideMcDonaldrsquos USAPhilips HospitalitySASSTRTaj Hotels Resorts and PalacesTIG Global
4 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AbouT The AuThor
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
byEricRicaurte
eric ricaurte works to advance sustainability by helping the worldrsquos leading global hospitality companies measure and report on key issues of corporate responsibility and sustainability (eer3cornelledu) He adds this to his 10 years of experience in operations and consulting for
hotels hospitality vendors tourism operators attractions and tourism boards in Latin America Eric is actively involved as a speaker roundtable organizer and writer in the topic of sustainability within the hotel industry His work includes the first hotel property GRI sustainability report and the first hotel report following the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria Ericrsquos research focuses on standardizing sustainability measurement within hospitality and tourism beginning as a finalist in the Hotel Schoolrsquos student research competition in 2001 for his paper titled ldquoCarbon sequestration offsetting and trading and their relation to travel and tourismrdquo Eric holds a Bachelor of Science from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and is a candidate for a Master of Science degree in Tourism Management from New York University
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5
exeCuTive SuMMAry
What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their
proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability
performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications
Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons
Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed
BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom
FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally
6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo
GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116
ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper
During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner
We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry
Sincerely
Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University
byEricRicaurte
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7
Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata
ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat
1Seewwwteebweborg
companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement
Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell
Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies
2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91
Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation
whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
Thank you to our generous Corporate Members
FriendsAmerican Tescor LLC bull Argyle Executive Forum bull Berkshire Healthcare bull Center for Advanced Retail Technology bull Cody Kramer Imports bull Cruise Industry News bull DK Shifflet amp Associates bull ehoteliercom bull EyeforTravel bull 4Hotelierscom bull Gerencia de Hoteles amp Restaurantes bull Global Hospitality Resources bull Hospitality Financial and Technological Professionals bull hospitalityInsidecom bull hospitalitynetorg bull Hospitality Technology Magazine bull Hotel Asia Pacific bull Hotel China bull HotelExecutivecom bull Hotel Interactive bull Hotel Resource bull International CHRIE bull International Hotel Conference bull International Society of Hospitality Consultants bull iPerceptions bull JDA Software Group Inc bull JD Power and Associates bull The Lodging Conference bull Lodging Hospitality bull Lodging Magazine bull LRA Worldwide Inc bull Milestone Internet Marketing bull MindFolio bull Mindshare Technologies bull PhoCusWright Inc bull PKF Hospitality Research bull Resort and Recreation Magazine bull The Resort Trades bull RestaurantEdgecom bull Shibata Publishing Co bull Synovate bull The TravelCom Network bull Travel + Hospitality Group bull UniFocus bull USA Today bull WageWatch Inc bull The Wall Street Journal bull WIWIHCOM bull Wyndham Green
PartnersDavis amp Gilbert LLP Deloitte amp Touche USA LLPDenihan Hospitality GroupeCornell amp Executive EducationExpedia Inc Forbes Travel GuideFour Seasons Hotels and Resorts Fox Rothschild LLP French Quarter Holdings Inc HVS Hyatt InterContinental Hotels Group Jumeirah GroupLRP PublicationsMarriott International IncMarshrsquos Hospitality Practice MaritzpricelinecomPricewaterhouseCoopersProskauerSathguru Management Consultants (P) Ltd Sabre Hospitality Solutions Schneider Electric Thayer Lodging Group Thompson HotelsTravelport
ASAE FoundationCarlson HotelsHilton WorldwideMcDonaldrsquos USAPhilips HospitalitySASSTRTaj Hotels Resorts and PalacesTIG Global
4 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AbouT The AuThor
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
byEricRicaurte
eric ricaurte works to advance sustainability by helping the worldrsquos leading global hospitality companies measure and report on key issues of corporate responsibility and sustainability (eer3cornelledu) He adds this to his 10 years of experience in operations and consulting for
hotels hospitality vendors tourism operators attractions and tourism boards in Latin America Eric is actively involved as a speaker roundtable organizer and writer in the topic of sustainability within the hotel industry His work includes the first hotel property GRI sustainability report and the first hotel report following the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria Ericrsquos research focuses on standardizing sustainability measurement within hospitality and tourism beginning as a finalist in the Hotel Schoolrsquos student research competition in 2001 for his paper titled ldquoCarbon sequestration offsetting and trading and their relation to travel and tourismrdquo Eric holds a Bachelor of Science from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and is a candidate for a Master of Science degree in Tourism Management from New York University
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5
exeCuTive SuMMAry
What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their
proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability
performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications
Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons
Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed
BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom
FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally
6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo
GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116
ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper
During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner
We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry
Sincerely
Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University
byEricRicaurte
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7
Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata
ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat
1Seewwwteebweborg
companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement
Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell
Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies
2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91
Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation
whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
4 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AbouT The AuThor
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
byEricRicaurte
eric ricaurte works to advance sustainability by helping the worldrsquos leading global hospitality companies measure and report on key issues of corporate responsibility and sustainability (eer3cornelledu) He adds this to his 10 years of experience in operations and consulting for
hotels hospitality vendors tourism operators attractions and tourism boards in Latin America Eric is actively involved as a speaker roundtable organizer and writer in the topic of sustainability within the hotel industry His work includes the first hotel property GRI sustainability report and the first hotel report following the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria Ericrsquos research focuses on standardizing sustainability measurement within hospitality and tourism beginning as a finalist in the Hotel Schoolrsquos student research competition in 2001 for his paper titled ldquoCarbon sequestration offsetting and trading and their relation to travel and tourismrdquo Eric holds a Bachelor of Science from the Cornell School of Hotel Administration and is a candidate for a Master of Science degree in Tourism Management from New York University
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5
exeCuTive SuMMAry
What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their
proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability
performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications
Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons
Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed
BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom
FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally
6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo
GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116
ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper
During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner
We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry
Sincerely
Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University
byEricRicaurte
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7
Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata
ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat
1Seewwwteebweborg
companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement
Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell
Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies
2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91
Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation
whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 5
exeCuTive SuMMAry
What is the carbon footprint of my hotel stay Surprisingly each global lodgingcompany currently provides the answer to this question in a different formatinhibitingaggregatecorporateoreventtravelcarbonfootprintingandcomparisonThird parties have attempted to help answer this question uniformly but their
proposalshavenotgainedtractionandnosinglemethodforcalculationhasbeenwidelyadoptedTheneedforuniformcarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstayisparamountyetitisnottheonlysustainability
performancemetricOtherissuessuchasenergywaterandwastearealsoattheforefrontofstakeholderrequestsandmanifestedthroughsustainabilityreportingandcertifications
Theemergenceofsuchquestionscombinedwiththeglobaltrendsofsustainabledevelopmentandcorporateresponsibility point toward a broader need for addressing non-financial performance data collectively anduniformly within the hotel industry In response to requests from guests investors and other stakeholdersregardingsustainabilitymosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedplatformstoaddresstheseneedsDespitethispromisingdevelopmenttheindividualchainsrsquoreportsassumptionsandmeasuresarenotalwayscommunicateduniformlymdashalthoughitrsquosclearthatstakeholdersseektousethedatatomakecomparisons
Takingahistoricalcontextforsustainabilitymeasurementwithintheindustryandgloballythisreportpresentsaconceptual framework fordeveloping sustainabilityperformance indicators toaddresspresent stakeholderrequestsaswellasothers thatmayariseTheframeworkdevelopedand tested in this report isdesigned toprovideanavenuefor industrycollaborationanddiscussiontowardauniformsetofmetrics thatarehighlypracticalinapplicationTheframeworkistestedusingactual2010datafrom20hotelsoperatedbyInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideallofwhichassistedwithdatacollectionThestudy applied the framework seeking to evaluate the boundaries quantification methods and metrics forperformanceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstayswhichcurrentlyarethemostcommonrequestsfromexternalstakeholdersInadditionthepracticalityofdatacollectionwasconsideredascurrentlypracticed
BasedonthestudyrsquosmethodsandresultsasanexamplestandardmetricsarecertainlyfeasibleyetseveralissuesrequiredforcollaborativeindustryagreementremainHotelswillneedtoagreeonboundaryspecificationssuchasaddressingdifferencesinlaundrywashhandlingthequantificationofvaluessuchaswhichemissionfactorstouseandhowtoallocateroomsversusfunctionspacefootprintsandthemetricsutilizedsuchasperoccupiedroomorperavailableroom
FurtherissuestoenablecomparabilityarediscussedNoonecatch-all industrybenchmarkwilladequatelyrepresenttheenvironmentalfootprintofhotelstaysNormalizationbasedonamenitiesoroutletsclimatezonesandchainscalesegmentcanhelpvariousstakeholdersunderstandthecomplexityofhotelfootprintingprovidedthat industry collaboration coincides with the proprietary sustainability systems lodging companies aredevelopinginternally
6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo
GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116
ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper
During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner
We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry
Sincerely
Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University
byEricRicaurte
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7
Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata
ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat
1Seewwwteebweborg
companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement
Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell
Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies
2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91
Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation
whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
6 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Cornell hoSpiTAliTy reporT
DevelopingaSustainabilityMeasurementFrameworkforHotels
Toward an Industry-wide Reporting Structure
ldquoThe race to shape sustainability standards will transform the competitive landscape and the social and environmental practices of companies in every industryrdquo
GregoryUnruhandRichardEttensonldquoWinningintheGreenFrenzyrdquoHarvard Business ReviewNovember2010pp110-116
ForewordIn 2009 Professor David Sherwyn former academic director of the Center for Hospitality Research responded to a stated hospitalty industry need to address sustainability issues Working with Eric Ricaurte and other industry participants Professor Sherwyn organized the first CHR Sustainability Roundtable We received a extremely positive feedback from the roundtable participants along with the recommendation that CHR should regularly organize sustainability roundtables and undertake research projects to explore different aspects of this complex topic CHR has also issued a sustainability white paper
During the Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (October 2010) and the second Sustainability Roundtable (November 2010) a diverse group of industry leaders expressed the need for consistent reporting standards for sustainability Consequently CHR commissioned a study for which Eric Ricaurte took the lead with the guidance and assistance of David Jerome senior vice president of corporate responsibility for InterContinental Hotels Group Faith Taylor vice president of sustainability and innovation for Wyndham Worldwide and Paul Hildreth director engineering amp facilities management Marriott International This study is part of a continuing research effort by CHR on topics related to sustainability which includes a study supported by Philips Hospitality a CHR Senior Partner another study supported by PKF Consulting a CHR Friend and an ongoing study supported by Schneider Electric a CHR Partner
We look forward to your continued support and feedback as we continue follow-up research projects on sustainability and other topics of interest and relevance to the industry
Sincerely
Rohit Verma PhD Professor Service Operations Management Executive Director Center for Hospitality Research School of Hotel Administration Cornell University
byEricRicaurte
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7
Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata
ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat
1Seewwwteebweborg
companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement
Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell
Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies
2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91
Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation
whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 7
Nearlyeverycontemporaryexaminationordiscussionofsustainabilityinvolvessomeformofperformancemea-surementandmetricsAtthegloballeveltheconceptofecosystemservicesistakingholdandframingthecontextofGHGemissionsmitigationasonecomponentofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(PES)WithinbusinessseminalworkssuchasldquoTheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversityrdquo1arebeingusedtoexploremeasurablerelationshipsbetweenhu-mansandthenaturalenvironmentStockexchangescantradesustainabilityindexesandinvestmentratingsystemsnowincludeldquointangiblevaluerdquoandenvironmentalsocialandgov-ernance(ESG)disclosuresThetopglobalcompaniesprovideannualsustainabilityreportsusinganumberofnon-financialperformanceindicatorsaroundaframeworkresemblingthetriplebottomlineandsomecompaniesprovidesustainabilityreportstointernationalbodiestoquantifyandmeasurerisksassociatedwiththedrivingcausesofsustainabilityrsquoscallAd-ditionallyinvestorsandclientsareaskingforprecisemea-suresofacompanyrsquossustainabilityperformanceoftenrightdowntotheproductleveltoprovideanunderstandingoftheenvironmentalfootprintofgoodsandservicesSimilarlysup-plychaininitiativesandindexeshavecompaniesaskingeachotherformeasurableperformancedataandconsortiumsandworkinggroupsarecollaboratingtodefinehowtheenvi-ronmentalimpactsofgoodsandservicesmaybequantifiedmeasuredandcommunicatedinlabelingandprocurementThesearetheso-calledldquoscope3rdquoimpactsthatextendbeyondimmediateoperationaldata
ParalleltotheemergenceofenvironmentalfootprintingistheattentionpaidtoengagingstakeholdersThetheorythat
1Seewwwteebweborg
companieshaveintegralandcomplexrelationshipswiththestakeholderswhodefinetheirexistencehasgainedmuchgroundoverthepast30yearssincesuchmodelsarose2Stakeholdergroupsarediversebutsustainabilityperformancerequestsfromclientsandinvestorsinparticu-lararedrivingtheneedforuniformmeasurement
Aswithotherindustrieshotelsarebeingaskedbycasualguestsandcorporateclientsaliketoquantifytheenvironmentalimpactoftheirstayoftenintermsofthecarbonfootprintofaroom-nightandtherelatedconsump-tionofenergywaterandwasteSimilarlyinvestorsrequestthesameinformationfromhotelcompaniesConsequentlyhotelsareamongthemanycompaniesthatproducesustainabilityreportsthatincludeESGdisclosureInsodoinghoweverhotelstypicallyprovidetheinformationindiverseformatsmakingitdifficultfortheclientorstake-holdertorollupthedataorcomparedifferentoperationsinanymeaningfulwaySeconddifferentstakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsencompassamultitudeofissuesim-pactsandmeasurementswhichcanonlyescalateasmorestakeholdersaskmorefrequentandmorediversequestionsFortheseandotherreasonsanystandardizationofthecalculationoftheenvironmentalfootprintofahotelstayneedstofitaframeworkthatwillsatisfynotonlytodayrsquosquestionsbutthequestionsoftomorrowaswell
Thehotelindustryhasnocommonlyacceptedguide-linefordisclosingstandardizedsustainabilityinformationtoallowforcomparisonamongpropertiesandcompanies
2SeeDonaldsonThomasandLeeEPrestonldquoTheStakeholderTheoryoftheCorporationConceptsEvidenceandImplicationsrdquoAcademy of Management Review 201(1995)65-91
Thegenesisofthispaperistheclearneedforanindustry-wideframeworkthatallowsforuniform measurement of the sustainability performance between individual hotelproperties and among their parent chains Hotel companies are well aware of theirstakeholdersrsquo interest in the carbon footprint and other aspects of a hotelrsquos operation
whetherthatintereststemsfromtheirownenvironmentalfootprintingplanstousethehotelrsquosservicesorinterestininvestinginthepropertyTothatendmosthotelcompanieshavedevelopedtheirownframeworkformeasuringandcommunicatingenvironmentalfootprintsandreportingonsustainabilityHoweverasIexplaininthispapertheindustrylacksacommongroundthatallowsforcomparisonacrosshotelsandchainsThispaperseekstoprovidethecatalystforcooperativediscourseacrosstheindustrytoprovideacomprehensivemeasurementschemethatwillbeatoncecomprehensivepracticaland intuitive In outlining and demonstrating the boundaries for such a common comparisonframeworkIemphasizetheneedforindustry-widecooperationinestablishingasustainabilitymeasure
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
8 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Thatvacuummaywellbefilledbymeasurementstandardsandguidelinesdevelopedbythirdpartieswithafocusthatisnothotel-specificandwhichdidnotengagehotelcompa-niesthemselvesasstakeholdersindefiningthemethodsThisstudyaimstoservethehotelindustryrsquosneedforapracticalconceptualframeworkformeasuringthematerialaspectsofsustainabilitywithinhoteloperationsIndoingsothisstudyattemptstoadvancethebodyofknowledgeinsustainabilitybydevelopingtransparentandclearmethodsofmeasuringthemostmaterialimpactsfromhotelopera-tionsHotelshotelcompaniesandindustryassociationswillbeabletoimmediatelyusethisframeworktobuilddatasetsanddiscusscommonacceptanceintheimmediateareasofrequestsFurthermoretheframeworkmaybeexpandedtoincludeotherperformanceindicatorsandmorein-depthparametersfortheonescurrentlyexaminedbyusingitspointsofdiscussion
WheretheIndustryStandsBeforediscussingthemeasurementframeworkIexam-inethepresentstateofhotelsustainabilitymeasurementasfoundintheacademicliteratureindustryinitiativessustainabilitycertificationscriteriaandguidelineshotelsustainabilityreportingandavailablethird-partyresources
Myreviewofexistingmaterialidentifiedthefollowingfivegeneralcategoriesofsustainabilitymeasurementrelatingtohoteloperationspoliciesprocessesspecificationscon-sumption(usage)andimpacts3
Policies Whetherahotelhaswrittenpoliciesaddress-ingspecificissuesisoftenmeasuredinayes-or-nochecklistformatforexamplethepresenceorabsenceofapolicyregardingsustainablepurchasingThepolicymaystipulatespecificweightingoffactorsindecisionmakingprovi-sionsformeetingandupdatingthecriteriaandevaluatingvendors
Processes Theperformanceofmanagerialorbehavior-alprocessesisoftenmeasuredforexamplebyrecordingthatthegreenteammetatleastonceamonthoveracalendaryearStafftrainingstatisticscouldbetalliedandrecordskeptforpracticessuchastoiletandfaucetrevisionlightingproceduresorwasteseparation
Specifications AlsotermedtechnicalasacomponentofmeasurementthesecriteriaaremostcommonlyfoundasspecificationsofFFampEorbuildingdesignWide-rangingspecificationsmightincludefaucetflowratesefficiencyoflightingandchemicalcompositionofmaterialsSpecifica-tionsareratedaccordingtoayes-or-nochecklistoraccord-
3SomecomponentsadaptedfromEricRicaurteldquoAGuidetoMeasur-ingSustainabilityrdquoHotel Sustainable Development Principles and Best PracticesedAJSinghandHerveacuteHoudreacute(WashingtonDCAHLAEducationalInstitute2011)
ingtothepercentageofanitemorspecificationfoundattheproperty
Consumption (usage) Thefamiliarmetricsofutilityuseconsumptionofgoodsandsuppliesandgenerationofwasteordiscardedmaterialscanbemeasureddirectlyorindirectlyaccordingtothepercentageofthedifferenttypesofconsumption
Impacts Atypicalimpactmeasureiscarbonfootprint(typicallygreenhousegasemissions)andthiscategoryincludesotherimpactsonpeopleortheEarthanditsecosys-temservicesImpactsaremeasurablethroughcharacteriza-tionandnormalizationandderivedfromconsumption
AlthoughIspecifyfivemeasurementcategoriesImustnotethatthepoliciesprocessesandspecificationsareoftenmeasuredbuttheyareusuallyintroducedwiththeintentionofreducingconsumptionandimpactsSoapropertymayhaveapolicycontainingshowerheadflowratespecifica-tionsorlightingwattagewhicharemeasuredascriteriaforreducingenergyandwaterconsumption(andinturncarbonemissionsasanimpact)Similarlyspecificationoftheper-centageofFFampEmaterialsandsupplieswithVOCstoxicornon-biodegradableingredientsservestoreduceimpactsonenvironmentalhealthandsafety
MeasurementinHistoricalContextHotelshavelongbeenmonitoringandmeasuringitemsnowassociatedwithsustainabilityanditwouldbehighlyinaccuratetoinsinuatethatsustainabilityperformancemea-surementinthehotelindustryisanewconceptThehotelindustryhasbeenmeasuringbenchmarkingandimprovingperformanceinareassuchasenergywastewaterindoorairqualitynoiseandcontaminantsfornearly100yearsthatweknowof4HoteliersdidnotneedenvironmentalgroupsorclimatechangetoworkonimprovingenergyefficiencyAsjustoneexampleROIanalysisoffluorescentlightbulbchange-outisdecadesoldandoriginalstudieshadtotakeintoconsiderationthecostofchangingtheballasttoaccom-modateafluorescent
Academicstudiestomeasuresustainabilityinhospitali-tyhaveaddressedenergywaterwasteairquality5andmorerecentlyGHGemissionsEvaluationsofhotelperformancealsohaveusedtheISO14001standardtoexamineenergywasteandwaterconsumptionapplyingper-occupied-room
4DMStipanukldquoTheUSLodgingIndustryandtheEnvironmentmdashAHistoricalViewCornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration QuarterlyVol37No5(1996)pp39-455BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-95andLAJackson(2010)TowardaframeworkforthecomponentsofgreenlodgingJournalofRetailandLeisureProperty9(3)211-230
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 9
metrics6BenchmarkingstudiesinenergywaterandGHGemissionshaveincorporatedper-guestroomsquarefootageandper-guestcomparisons7Akeyinsightfrombenchmark-ingstudiesisthevariancesinnormalizedutilityconsump-tionamonghotelsaswellasbetweencompanybenchmarksandindividualpropertyperformance8Severalstudiesex-aminetheinfluencesofclimateonthecomparabilityofhotelenvironmentalperformance9OnenoticeableoversightinthemeasurementstudiesinvolvesthesocialcomponentsofsustainabilityThoughdifficulttomeasuresomeplatformshaveincludedasocialpillarwhichhasyettogainindustry-wideacceptance10
Thoughacademicstudiesonsustainabilitymeasure-mentmodelsandframeworksexisttheydonotneces-sarilyaddresstheneedforcomparisonsandcommonmeasurementamongpropertiesonagloballevelinpracticalindustryapplicationMoreovermoststudiesdidnotfocusoncarbonemissionsandinanyeventnoframeworkorlodging-specificmeasurementmethodologyfromacademicliteraturehasbeenadoptedbythehotelindustryorcitedinthird-partyhotelsustainabilitycriteria
Despitethelackofstandardbenchmarkshotelcompa-nieshavedevelopedin-houseenvironmentalperformancemeasurementsystemsforinternalbenchmarkingandmeasurementPriortoitscurrentLightStayprogramHiltonInternationalrsquosHiltonEnvironmentalReporting(HER)databasewasimplementedin2004andhasbeenhighlighted
6ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManagement21(5)542-5607DengShiming(2003)Energyandwaterusesandtheirperformanceex-planatoryindicatorsinhotelsinHongKongEnergyandBuildings35(8)775-784andBeccaliMGennusaMLCocoLLRizzoG(2009)Anempiricalapproachforrankingenvironmentalandenergysavingmea-suresinthehotelsectorRenewableEnergy3482-908ScanlonNL(2007)AnanalysisandassessmentofenvironmentaloperatingpracticesinhotelandresortpropertiesInternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement26(3)711-7239ChanWW(2005)Predictingandsavingtheconsumptionofelectricityinsub-tropicalhotelsInternationalJournalofContemporaryHospital-ityManagement17(3)228-37RedlinMHanddeRoosJA(1980)Gaugingenergysavingsfurtherapplicationsofmultiple-regressionanalysisCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly20448-52ZmeureanuRG(1994)EnergyperformanceofhotelsinOttawaASHRAETransactions100(1)314-22andBohdanowiczPaulaMarti-nacIvo(2007)Determinantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsump-tioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9510SeeHoudreacuteHerveacute(2008)SustainableHospitalitycopySustainableDevelopmentintheHotelIndustryCornellHospitalityIndustryPer-spectivesAugust4-20andLevyStuartEDuvergerPhilippe(2010)ConsumerPerceptionsofSustainabilityintheLodgingIndustryExami-nationofSustainableTourismCriteriaInternationalCHRIEConference-RefereedTrackPaper31httpscholarworksumassedurefereedCH-RIE_2010Friday31
andstudiednotablyinbenchmarkingofenergyandwateruse11HERwasbuiltofftheScandicUtilitySystem(SUS)asdevelopedin199712In1990nearlytwodecadesbeforeIHGlaunchedGreenEngageInterContinental(whenownedbyBassHotelsandResorts)developedanenvironmentaloperatingmanual13withaformalizedsystemofspread-sheetstrackingutilityusecomparingagainstcompanybenchmarks14AccorrolledoutitsEnvironmentalGuideforHotelManagersin1998whichhadguidanceonmeasur-ingandtrackingenergyconsumptionagainstperformancebenchmarks15Rezidorintroducedatoolformeasuringandreportingconsumptioninitsportfolio16andHyatthashadatrackingsystemforenergyandwaterinplacesince199417TheWestinchainhasbeenusingEnergardTechnologiesrsquoEnvisionenergyaccountingsystemsincethemid-rsquo80sandin2000Starwood(owneroftheWestinbrand)adopteditsuseforallbrandsinitsNorthAmericadivision18
Theindustryhassupporteddiscussionofenviron-mentalperformanceforoverfourdecades19togetherwithproposedcollaborativeindustrybenchmarkinginitiativesHotelEnergyandWaterConsumptionBenchmarkswasastudyperformedbyDavidStipanuktheAHLAandtheAHLFusing2000ndash01datafromhotelsinseveralmajorUSchains20ThestudyanalyzedenergyandwaterusageperpropertyandpersquarefootbychainscalesegmentwithregionalconsiderationsdemonstratingavarianceinenergyusagedependingonanumberoffactorsAsthecenturybegantheWorldWildlifeFundandtheInternationalHotelsEnvironmentalInitiativebegandevelopinganinteractiveen-vironmentalbenchmarkingtoolandguideforhotelstomea-sureandcompareperformanceinenergywasteandwater
11BohdanowiczPaulinaMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9512BohdanowiczPaulinaHiltonEnvironmentalReportingasatoolofCorporateSocialResponsibilityRoyalInstituteofTechnology13FaulkESaskia(2000)AsurveyofenvironmentalmanagementbyhotelsandrelatedtourismbusinessesPaperpreparedforpresentationOIKOSPhDSummerAcademy2000UniversityofStGallen14IBLFampWWF(2005)WhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingWillHelpYourHotelLondonInternationalBusinessLeadersForum15 Ibid16 Ibid17SeeHyattEarthWebsitewwwhyattearthcomour_progresstracking_measurementhtml18InformationreceivedviaGusNewberryVicePresidentEngineeringStarwoodHotelsampResortsWorldwideInc19StipanukDM(1996)TheUSlodgingindustryandtheenviron-mentmdashAhistoricalviewCornellHotelandRestaurantAdministrationQuarterly37(5)39-4520DavidMStipanukAHampLAEnergyManagementandConservationGuide(WashingtonDCAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociation2001)
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
10 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
industryagreementWithinthisdialoguediverseresponsestostakeholderrequestsexistThetwomostcommonlydis-cussedapproachescertificationandsustainabilityreportingweredevelopedoutsideoftheindustryandservesomebutnotallstakeholderrequestsforsustainabilityperformanceMeasuresofnon-financialperformanceinhotelshavemovedwellbeyondinternalportfoliocomparisonsandROIcalcula-tionsOneprimaryevolutionofmeasurementhasbeentheinclusionofcarbonemissionsasakeyperformanceindicatorLikeits1980srsquopredecessorozonedepletiontheglobaldis-cussiononGHGemissionsandclimatechangehasurgentlyspotlightednon-financialperformanceindicatorsonaglobalscaletothepointwheretheentireworldnowhasacollectiveperformancetargetof350partspermillionofCO2intheatmosphere25
CorporateResponsibilityandSustainabilityReportingInresponsetostakeholderrequestsin2008and2009allofthetop100UScompaniesbyrevenueand80percentoftheGlobalFortune250companiesproducedsustainabilityreportsdisclosingESGperformancebasedontheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)26ThisGRIcontentisdevelopedbasedonstakeholdersrsquorequests
SpecifictothetopicofclimatechangeandGHGemis-sionstheCarbonDisclosureProject(CDP)surveyed3000organizationsworldwide27andaddedquestionsregarding
25Formoreinformationseewww350org26Brown-SmatlanAampSparksA(2010May12)TheEvolutionofGreenhouseGasReportingbyBusinessAddressingProductandSupplyChainEmissionsPresentationthroughKPMGampWBCSDLosAngelesampGeneva27CarbonDisclosureProject(2011)CDPWhatwedoRetrievedApril142011fromhttpswwwcdprojectneten-USWhatWeDoPagesover-viewaspx
consumption21aswellasGHGemissions22TheWWFalsohighlightedotherpotentialenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsfortourismvacationfootprintingsuchasaverageearthshareandconsumptionofmeat23Neitherthetoolnorthefootprintingmethodsgainedtractionhoweverandthehotelbenchmarkinginitiativehasnotbeenactivelately
OnesubstantivechangeofrecentyearsisthattheterminologyfordiscussingthetopicshascoalescedPriortothe1960shotelenvironmentalissueswereaddressedbytheirownindividualcategories24Morerecentlyindividualfactorsaregroupedundertherubricofsustainabilitywhichembracesabroadscopeofmetrics
ShiftingDriversofMeasurementThechiefdifferenceintodayrsquosdialogueandmeasurementframeworksstemsfromincreasedstakeholderrequestsincludinginvestorsshareholdersgovernmentsatalllevelsandcorporateclientsandotherorganizationsQuestionsrelatingtomeasurementsofenvironmentalandsocialaspectshaveproliferatedinRFPstohotelsatbothpropertyandcorporatelevels
Theseconcernsunderscorethehotelindustryrsquosneedtoadoptauniformapproachtomeasuringandquantify-ingthevariousaspectsofsustainabilityandcommunicatethemtostakeholdersInsomecasesthemeasurementmethodologyisdictatedbutothersrequirecollaborative
21DoddsRachelWhyEnvironmentalBenchmarkingwillhelpyourhotelLondonUKThePrinceofWalesInternationalBusinessLeadersForum(IBLF)200522Seewwwbenchmarkhotelcomwhichisnolongerinusebytheorganizationsmentioned23WWF-UKBusinessandConsumptionUnit(2002)HolidayFoot-printingAPracticalToolforResponsibleTourismWWF-UK24Ibid
Exhibit 1
Common performance indicators in lodging firmsrsquo Global report initiative reports
All 9 reports disclosed qualitative information onbull Programs related to training and professional development (LA11)
bull Initiatives to reduce GHG emissions (EN18)
8 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Energy consumption (EN3 or EN4)
bull (Some form of) initiatives to reduce energy consumption and the reductions achieved (EN5 or EN6)
bull Water usage or withdrawal (EN8)
bull Composition of the organizationrsquos governance bodies and breakdown of labor force by indicators of diversity (LA13)
7 of 9 reports disclosed performance on
bull Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (EN16)
bull The size of their workforce by type (LA1)
bull Percentages of workforce receiving performance reviews (LA12)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 11
Exhibit 2
presence of measurement criteria in hotel certifications and guidelines
CriteriaGhG
emissionsenergy usage
Water usage
Waste Generation
and Disposal
Materials purchasing
Food and beverage
items
Toxicity biodegradability
of Cleaning Supplies
Guest Satisfaction
GSTC Green Key Green Seal
(GS-33)
leeD (eb) oampM
AhlA
= Directly stated = Implied or precursor
itsownmethodologyandthecriteriafortheseschemesaregenerallytransparentandpubliclyavailable
OneoutcomeoftheindustryrsquosinterestincertificationisapparentintheestablishmentoftheGlobalSustainableTourismCriteria(GSTC)anditsinitialobjectivesofhelpingtoharmonizetourismsustainabilitycertificationplatformsTheGSTCstipulatesthattourismbusinessesshouldmeasuretheirguestsatisfactionpurchasesofdisposableandcon-sumablegoodsenergyconsumptionwaterconsumptionandGHGemissionsaswellasnon-divertedwasteWhiletheGSTCtakesintoaccountthebroadrangeoftourismbusinessesitdoesnothoweverspecifyinstructionsonhowtheboundariesofmeasurementorthemetricswillbedelineatedineachsectorAlthoughtheGSTCaimstobeaframeworkforusebymanystakeholdersincludingcertifica-tionbodiesitdoesnotdelveintotechnicalspecificationswhichareneededforstandardizationofmeasurementNordothepredominanthotelcertificationsfoundintheUScompletelyadheretotheGSTC
InNorthAmericathethreemostprevalentcertifica-tionframeworksinhotelsareGreenKeyGreenSealandtheUSGBCrsquosLEEDmodifiedforusebyhotelsInanotherapproachtheAmericanHotelandLodgingAssociationde-velopeditsGreenGuidelinesascriteriaapplicableforhoteloperationsThesemostcloselyresemblethecriteriafoundinthedozensofstate-levelcertificationsAnanalysisfindsthatthecertificationsandguidelinesconsistentlycallformeasurementofconsumptionorimpactsinenergywastewaterandGHGemissionsasshowninExhibit2OnlyfouradditionalcriteriaarementionedasspecificallynecessitatingmeasurementalbeitnotconsistentlyInadditioninternalperformancemeasurementasacomponentofabroad-basedmanagementplatformisalsocommonMuchliketheGSTChoweverspecifictechnicalprotocolsorguidelinesforquan-
waterusein2010similartocarbonreportingAsof2009approximatelynineglobalhotelcompaniesproducedGRIreportsandsixhadrespondedtoaCDPquestionnaireAsshownintheevaluationinExhibit1(previouspage)theseninehotelGRIreportstypicallyinvolvedthefollowingper-formanceindicators28energyconsumptionandreductionwateruseanddiversityindicatorsInadditionalthoughonlyfivereportsdisclosedperformanceontotalwaste(EN22)allreportscontainedsectionsonwasteminimiza-tionwithsomeformoflocalizedorper-unitwastedataMostnoteworthyinmyevaluationofGRIreportsisthelackofstandardizationinreportingForexampleintensityofus-agewhendisclosedcanbefoundinvaluespersquaremeterperguestnightperoccupiedroomperroom-nightandperhotelwithoutspecificdefinitionsofwhatexactlythede-nominatorsrepresentFurthermorespecificdocumentationislackingonwhatresourceshavebeenusedincalculatingGHGemissionsortheemissionsfactorsusedinperform-ingthecalculationThereforealthoughtwocompaniesmaydeclarethesamemetrictheboundariesofthedenominatormaydifferForalistofreportingcompaniesandafullbreak-downofmetricsfoundinGRIreportsseeAppendixA
CertificationsSustainabilitycertificationsofvarioustypeshaveproliferatedinthepasttwodecadesForhotelstheadvantageofcertifi-cationliesinthecertificationrsquosabilitytovalidatethehotelrsquossustainabilityeffortsandserveasaresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityconcernsusingonelabelwithwhichthestake-holderisalreadyfamiliarEachcertificationschemecarries
28EvaluationincludesMarriottIHGAccorNHJumeirahSolMeliaacuteRezidorTajandHongKongampShanghaiHotelsAccorreportedac-cordingtoFrenchdisclosurerequirementsandnotGRIFrameworkbutprovidedalinkagedocumentforitsreporttotheGRIguidelines
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
12 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
tificationarelackingTheonlyexceptionisLEEDcertifica-tionwhichspecifiesmeasurementsbysquarefootagebutnotroom-nights
CertificationcriteriadonotalwaysmatchstakeholderconcernsFirstthemultitudeofcertificationsworldwideinhibitstheuniformityincriteriathatstakeholdersseekSecondcertificationsdonotgenerallystipulatedisclosureofperformanceaspartoftheircriteriaandthusdonotofferstandardizedguidanceonmeasurementmethodsFinallynotallcertificationscallformeasurementofthesameper-formanceindicatorsMyexaminationofcertificationsfoundthemtoberelativelynarrowwithintheoverallumbrellaofcorporateresponsibilityandsustainability
BycontrastthecomprehensivenessofsustainabilitytopicscanbeseeninISO26000whichoffersguidanceonthesubjectsandpracticesforintegratingsocialresponsibilityasshowninExhibit3ISO26000howeverexplicitlystatesthatitisaguidancedocumentandnotastandardtobeusedforcertificationpurposesandnowheredoesitmentionhotelsThisstandardexamines40separatecross-sectoralinitiativesincludingreportingframeworksandcertificationschemesevaluatingthecontentofeachwithregardtoits
corporateresponsibilityguidelinesInaddition35sector-specificinitiativesarelistedandcross-evaluatedTravelandtourismislistedasasectorwithonlytwoinitiativesmentionedtheECPATCodeofConductandtheGSTCOfthe15coresubjectsandpracticesavailableperISO26000ECPATaddressesonlythreeandGSTCtouchesonfive
Sustainabilitycertificationandsustainabilityreportsnotwithstandingthecurrentgapinmakinganappropri-ateresponsetostakeholdersrsquosustainabilityrequestsliesinprovidingspecifichotelperformancedatathatprovidesaproduct-levelquantificationofanenvironmentalfootprintSincecorporatetravelisadriverofGHGemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpactscompaniestrackingtheirownenvironmentalfootprintsareaskinghotelsfordatarelatingtotheirhotelstaysmeetingsandeventsclientsalsowishtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheroomsandtheeventtheyarebookingandevensometransientguestswanttoknowthecarbonfootprintoftheirhotelstay
PerformanceMeasurementAlthoughthecomplexityofvariablesamonghotelscanconstraintheusefulnessofwide-scalebenchmarking29theindustrystillneedsauniformmeasurementscaleThiscouldbeginwiththetypeofeffortthatcreatedtheGRIwhichprovidestheopportunityandforumfordifferentindustrialsectorstodevelopsector-specificsupplementsthroughcol-laborativetransparentmultistakeholdereffortsFifteensuchsupplementshavebeendevelopedorareindevelopmentatpresent30Noneaddressesxhotelsandadditionalsectorsupplementswillnotbedevelopedinthenearfuture
TheGreenhouseGasProtocolCorporateAccountingandReportingStandardisthemostwidelyacceptedandref-erencedguideforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsandthecorrespondingISO14064standardalsoprovidesguidanceonquantificationBothresourcesarehowevertargetedattheorganizationallevelandadraftoftheGHGprotocoldoesnotspecificallyspellouthowahotelpropertywouldquantifythecarbonfootprintofahotelstayTheClimateRegistryGeneralReportingProtocolcomesmuchcloserbyprovidingguidancequantificationmethodsandemissionsfactorsforfacility-levelreportingItevengivesanexampleofhowahotelchainmightquantifythecarbonfootprintoftheorganization31buttheexampleiscursoryanddoesnotprovidecomparativemetricsattheproduct
29BohdanowiczPaulinaandMartinacIvo(2007)DeterminantsandbenchmarkingofresourceconsumptioninhotelsmdashCasestudyofHiltonInternationalandScandicinEuropeEnergyandBuildings3982-9530GlobalReportingInitiative(2011)SectorSupplementsRetrievedApril142011fromhttpwwwglobalreportingorgReportingFrame-workSectorSupplements31ClimateRegistry(2008)GeneralReportingProtocolv11LosAngeles
practices
Recognizing social responsibility
Stakeholder identification and engagement
The relationship of an organizationrsquos characteristics to social responsibility
Understanding the social responsibility of an organization
Integrating social responsibility throughout an organization
Communication on social responsibility
Enhancing credibility regarding social responsibility
Reviewing and improving an organizationrsquos actions and practices related to social responsibility
Exhibit 3
iSo 26000 subjects and practices
Note Adapted from ISO 26000
Core Subjects
Organizational governance
Human rights
Labor practices
The environment
Fair operating practices
Consumer Issues
Community involvement and development
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 13
levelTodatenoglobalchain-affiliatedhotelpropertyhasreportedtotheClimateRegistry
BecauseofthecostofenergybusinessesofalltypeshavemonitoredenergyusefordecadesandconsequentlyenergyusemeasurementhasseenthebestattemptsatstandardizationMostrelevantforhotelsistheEPAEnergyStarPortfolioManagerwhichmaywellbetheonlyenvi-ronmentalperformancemeasurementtoolthatisrelativelyavailableandusedwithinthehotelsectorOfferingatooltotrackandmeasureenergyandwaterusePortfolioMan-ageralsocalculatesGHGemissionsforbuildingsandoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonsInadditiontobeingutilizedasacomponentofLEEDEBcertificationEnergyStaritselfalsoservesasanothertypeofcertificationavailableforhotelsWellknownintheUSinanumberofcontextsEnergyStarisusedbymanystateandlocalgovernmentsasaplatformfordisclosingenergyperformanceofbuildings32
PortfolioManagerprovidesinsightastosomekeyele-mentsnecessaryforachievingsuccessasastandardformea-surementFirstitoffersapubliclyavailablequantificationmethodwhichisderivedfrompublicdataSeconditoffersuniformboundariesandmetricswhichenablecomparisonswithextensiveguidanceonhowtheboundariesandmetricsaresetBoththeboundariesandguidancearetailoredfordifferenttypesoffacilitiesincludinghotelsThirditoffersacommonfreelyavailablesoftwareplatformFinallyitrepre-sentsanimportantadvancementtowardatypeofratingorindexforhotelsustainability
PortfolioManageralsohasseveraldistinctlimitationsforapplicationinglobalhotelsustainabilitymeasurementItwasnotdesignedforhotelsitwasnotdesignedforglobaluseanditwasdesignedonlytoaddressenergyuseAsanexampleoftheseissuesPortfolioManagerrsquosmetricsarerenderedpersquarefootwhichcanbehelpfulforbuildingoperatorsbutnotforwould-beguestsattemptingtoaccountfortheimpactofaroom-nightItscalculationmethodsmoreoverdidnottestoccupancyasoneofthe32indepen-dentvariablesThoughithasrobustdatainaggregateitsratingmodelwasdevelopedusing2003CBECSdatafrom142USpropertiesandwastestedwith64properties33
OnewouldnotexpectthattheUSEPAwouldcre-ateaninternationalapplicationbutthefactisthatforthepurposeofbenchmarkinginternationalhoteldataarenot
32SeewwwenergystargoviabusinessgovernmentState_Local_Govts_Leveraging_ESpdf33EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(2009February)EnergyStarPer-formanceRatingsTechnicalMethodologyforHotel
widelyavailablePortfolioManagerrsquosnational-levelfocusalsomakesquantificationproblematicatgloballevelsJustasregionalEnergyStardataareadjustedforregionintheUScomparisonsamongseveralnationswouldrequireapplicationofsomesortofcoefficientofadjustmentorothernormalizationfactors
OnecanusePortfolioManagertotrackoperationalwaterconsumptionbutGHGemissionscanbecalculatedonlybyinferenceEnergysite-sourcecalculationsaretakenatnationalaveragesbutcarbonemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityaretakenusingemissionfactorsfromregionalgridcharacteristicsEventhoughwateristrackednomentionofasimilarsite-sourceconsiderationforawaterfootprintismentioned
Whilewecanexpecttoseemoreinterestinwatersus-tainabilityquantificationthereisnosinglestandardtodateTheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)offersaGlobalWaterToolwhichenablesanalysisofwaterusageatanorganizationallevelThistooloffersmetricsdevelopedbasedoncountry-specificresourcesanditdistinguishesamongtypesofwaterbutitisnotproductspecificThemostcomprehensiveexaminationofwaterinasustainabilitymeasurementcontextistheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualwhichprovidesarangeofguidanceandquantificationforwaterfootprintsatvariouslevelsatalllifecyclestagesandfordifferenttypesofwaterresources(eggreenwaterbluewaterandgreywater)34
CurrentperformancemeasurementwithinhospitalityiswidelyusedforothertypesofperformanceindicatorswiththeworkofSmithTravelResearchasasignalexampleThehotelindustryiseffectivelyaddictedtomeasuringtrack-ingbenchmarkingandutilizingperformanceindicatorsofADRoccupancyandRevPAREachmetriccomeswithawell-definedandagreed-uponsetofboundariesandquan-tificationrulesthatenablecomparabilityIndustrycapacitycapabilityandwillingnesstocollaborateonperformancemeasurementclearlyexistanddrawingupontheircurrentlyacceptedmetricsforperformancecomparisoncaneasetheadoptionofsustainabilityindicators
Thisreviewofvarioussustainabilityrubricsdelineatesthebreadthoftopicsthatmustbeconsideredforaninte-gratedsustainabilitymeasurementForthelodgingindustrythecurrentlackofstandarddoesnotmeanthatstandardiza-tionattemptsdonotexistorthatindustrydiscussionandcollaborationarenottakingplaceAtagloballevelindustry
34HoekstraAYChapagainAKAldayaMMMekonnenMM(2011)TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManualSettingtheGlobalStandardWashingtonDCEarthscan
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
14 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
roundtablesarediscussingthetopic35andworkinggroupsfordevelopingstandardsustainabilityperformancemetricsarecurrentlyunderwayInadditionthirdpartieshavede-velopedtheirownquantificationmethodsorbenchmarkstoprovideuniformsolutionsforcarbonfootprintingofhotelstaysOnegoalofsuchsolutionsistoprovideacalculationofthecorrespondingcarbonoffsetsSometravelagentstouroperatorsandback-of-housetravelservicesprovidersalsoprovidecarbonfootprintcalculationsfortravelthatincludeshotelstaysSustainabilityreportingfirmsalsohavemadeattemptstodefinemethodsandproducerelevantmetricsinproperty-levelsustainabilityreports36Finallyopportunisticcarbonfirmshaveattemptedtofillthegapinuniformitybyofferingproprietaryquantificationmethodsandindexes
Hotelcompanieshavesofarbeenreluctanttoadoptthird-partysolutionsduetothelackoftransparentandindustry-engagedboundaryandquantificationorratingmethodsthelimitedscopeofsustainabilitymetricstheriskofextravagantfeesresultingforlargechainsandtheimplausibilityofhandingoverinvaluableoccupancydatamdashandalsobecausetheyhavealreadyinvestedsubstantialtimeandeffortintodevelopingtheirownsustainabilitysoftwareplatformsThird-partycalculationofperformancemetrics
35SherwynDavided(2010)TheHotelIndustrySeeksElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedings2(1)36SeeWillardInterContinentalWashingtonDC2007and2008sustain-abilityreports
requiresaseconddataentryorinterfacewhichwouldrepre-sentanextrastepforhotelcompanies
Despitealltheresearchanddevelopmentinbothaca-demeandtheindustrynotransparentthird-partyacademicorindustrymethodforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthesustainabilityperformanceofhotelstayshassofarbeenbothclearlydefinedandwidelyadoptedAtthesametimetheconvergenceofincreasedstakeholderinclusivenesstechnologicaladvancesandglobalissuesrelatingtosustain-abledevelopmentandthefuturewell-beingofsocietypointsclearlytotheneedforuniformlymeasuringandcommuni-catingthemostsalientperformanceindicatorsSucheffortscanserveasaroadmaptowardstandardizationofsustain-abilityperformancemeasurementForexampleshouldaGRIHotelSectorSupplementbeconvenedintwoyearsthesamemethodsanddiscussioncanbecarriedforwardtofacilitatediscussioninalargercontextandwithamoreinclusiveapproach
TheMeasurementFrameworkToaddressthelackofanoverallsustainabilitymeasurementrubricIoffertheframeworkpresentedinExhibit4asameansofidentifyingrefiningandstandardizingperfor-mancesustainabilityindicatorsbothnowandinthefuture37
37SeeUnitedNationsWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelop-ment(1987)OurCommonFutureOxfordOxfordUniversityPress
Exhibit 4
Sustainability measurement framework
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 15
DimensionsandAspectsTwooverarchingconsiderationswereusedtostructuretheframeworkspecificguidancefromexistingguidelinesrelat-ingtosustainabledevelopmentandgeneralguidancefromconsiderationsaboutqualityoflifeTheframeworkproposestoincludethefullrangeofpotentialperformanceindicatorsrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentNon-financialperfor-manceindicatorsforsustainabilityreportingbasedontheGRIguidelinesandISO26000encompassaspectsrelatingtoorganizationalgovernancesocietyandcommunitiesprod-uctresponsibilitylaborpracticeshumanrightsandtheenvironment38AspectsalreadystipulatedwithintheGRIareprovidedwithrobustprotocolsspecificmethodologyreferencesandrelevancetosustainabledevelopmentSuchindicatorsaremorereadilytransferrabletoahotelplatform
ToensurepracticalfutureapplicationtheframeworkalsoincludesmeasurementsrelatedtoqualityoflifeandtheresultingperformanceindicatorsThoughlessspecificordirectlytransferrablemeasurementrelatingtoqualityoflifeshouldbeincludedifsustainabilityistobeachievedNon-financialmeasurementsoflifesatisfactionwell-beingandhappinessareseenasperformanceindicatorsthatwhenharnessedcanhelpsocietymaketransitionstowardsustain-ableliving39Suchnon-financialmeasurementshavebeenputforthinseveralinstancesincludingtheHappyPlanetIndex40BhutanrsquosGrossNationalHappiness41andtheQual-ityofLifeIndex42aswellasacademicandotherinstitu-tionsstudyingthistypeofperformancemeasurement43MorecloselyrelatedtheUSGBChasbeguntostudygreen
38ForacompletelistofdisclosuresandperformanceindicatorsseetheGRIguidelinesatwwwglobalreportingorg39WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2010)Vision2050TheNewAgendaforBusinessWashingtonDC40AbdallahSThompsonSMichaelsonJMarksNandSteuerN(2009)The(un)HappyPlanetIndex20WhyGoodLivesDonrsquotHavetoCosttheEarthLondonNewEconomicsFoundation41BraunAA(2009)GrossNationalHappinessinBhutanALivingExampleofanAlternativeApproachtoProgressWhartonInternationalResearchExperienceRetrievedfromWhartonUniversityofPennsylva-niahttprepositoryupenneducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1077ampcontext=wharton_research_scholarsandRevkinA(2005October4)Anewmeasureofwell-beingfromahappylittlekingdomTheNewYorkTimesRetrievedfromhttpwwwnytimescom20051004science04happhtml_r=2amppagewanted=all42EconomistIntelligenceUnit(2005)TheEconomistIntelligenceUnitrsquosquality-of-lifeindexTheEconomistTheWorldin2005Retrievedfromhttpwwweconomistcommediapdfquality_of_lifepdf43Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(2008)BeyondFactsUnder-standingQualityofLife(ExecutiveSummary)CambridgeHarvardUniversityPressandJosephStiglitzAmartyaSenJean-PaulFitoussi(2009)TheCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress
buildingswithinthecontextofthehumanexperience44Theintegrationofqualityoflifeindicatorswithinhospitalityandtourismperformancemeasurementisadvantageousgiventhetravelindustryrsquoscontributiontoonersquosqualityoflifemdashusuallywithlessresourceconsumptionthanpurchasinggoodsforqualityoflifepurposes
BoundariesOnceaparticularaspecthasbeendefineditsboundaryanditsmeasurementneedtobesetForexampleenvironmentisageneralaspectthatencompassesdozensofspecifictopics(includingmostofthosedescribedasecosystemservices)yetitisanecessarycategorizationforframingtheissuesWithinenvironmentthespecifictopicscanbechosenasareasoffocus
TheboundaryalsoreferstothelinesdrawnalongthechainofoperationsandlifecycleoftheserviceSustainabil-ityimpliesaholisticapproachtounderstandingtheinter-relatedimpactsofhumanactivitiesItisnecessarytodefinespecificboundariesforperformancemeasurementastheyarenotasclearasthoseoffinancialaccountingThematterofboundaryissuesiscomprehensivelydiscussedintheGHGprotocolandGRIguidelines
QuantificationMethodsThesecondstepfordevelopingsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsistodefinethequantificationmethodswhichpresentdefinitionalissuessimilartoboundariesinthatsomequantificationmethodsarewidelyacceptedandothersaredisputedEmissionfactorscoefficientsandthetermsofquantificationshouldbetransparentlydefinedandcommunicatedTimelinessiskeyhereasemissionfactorswillchangeandevolveovertimeandarenotalwaysagreeduponAsexamplestheGWPofmethaneandnitrousoxidechangedoverthecourseofIPCCannualreportsandtheGHGemissionsfromairtravelvaryinhowtheyarequanti-fied(inarangefrom19to27)basedontheapplicationofradiativeforcing45Thistypeofquantificationassumptionshouldbedefinedandcommunicatedinanymeasurementprotocol
MetricsFinallythemetricsusedtomonitortrackandcommu-nicateperformancerequirecleardefinitionInhotelstheframeworkrsquosmetricsbeginasafunctionofthehotelfacility
44PykeCMcMahonSDietscheT(2010)GreenBuildingandHumanExperienceTestingGreenBuildingStrategieswithVolunteeredGeographicInformationWashingtonDCUSGreenBuildingCouncil45FormoreinformationseePennerJEetal(eds)(1999)AviationandtheGlobalAtmosphereASpecialReportofIPCCWorkingGroupsIandIIIincollaborationwiththeScientificAssessmentPaneltotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerCambridge(UK)CambridgeUniversityPress
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
16 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
asthebasicunitofmeasurementAlldataexistprimarilyperhotelwithsubsequentcalculationsbasedonarationalru-bricincludingsquarefeetorsquaremetersroomsorguestsAsappropriatehotelunitsmaybeaggregatedtomeasureoverallperformanceandfootprintMetricschosenaredi-rectlycorrelatedtothenatureofthestakeholderrequest
FrameworkApplicationTheframeworkiscarriedoutbyfirstidentifyingtheperfor-mancemeasurementcomponentsandthendefiningfiltersofboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsThefollowingtwokeyconsiderationsarenecessaryforthere-sultingperformanceindicatorstoreachanytypeofindustryagreementcollaborationandpracticalityCollaborationinthehotelindustryhasexistedfordecadesonnumerousissuesanditseemsclearthattheindustryisfurtherwillingtocollaborateonsustainabilityandcorporateresponsibilitymeasuresLetmeunderlinetheconceptofcollaborationItseemsthatthepreviousattemptsatstandardizingsustain-abilitymetricsbythirdpartiesfailedspecificallybecausetheydevelopedamethodandthenattemptedtoimposeitupontheindustryAsIpointedoutmostmajorhotelcompanieshavealreadydevelopedinternalmethodsforperformancemeasurementButthelackofcollaborationinplatformdevelopmenthasbroughttheindustrytowhereitistodayunabletouniformlycommunicatesustainabilityperformancetoexternalstakeholdersandthuspressuredtoacceptathird-partysolution
AnysolutionneedsahighdegreeofpracticalityItshouldtakeintoaccounttheavailabilityofpropertydataandthescientificandtechnicaldataorresourcesavailableforquantificationandcalculationanditshouldaddresstheissueofspecificgranulardatacollectionversusbenchmarkvaluesbasedonmaterialitythresholdsJustbecauseobtain-ingdataorscientificinformationaboutcertainissuesiscur-rentlyimpracticaldoesnotmeanthatsuchindicatorsshouldbeabandonedAsaprecursortoindicatordevelopmenthowevercollaborationwithpeersstakeholdersandthesupplychainshouldbesoughttohelpadvancethepractical-ityofdatacollection
FrameworkApplicationandStudyDesignBasedontheconceptualframeworkIconductedastudytodevelopaspectsboundariesquantificationmethodsandmetricsforcomparableindicatorsforthemostcommonlycitedhotelsustainabilityperformancefactorsThreemajorindustryorganizationsparticipatedandhelpedevaluatethe
practicalityofdatacollectionandquantificationmethodsforarrivingattheperformanceindicators
Totestthepracticalityandusefulnessofthedefinedperformanceindicatorsthestudyexamined2010datafrom20hotelpropertiesaffiliatedwithInterContinentalHotelsGroupMarriottInternationalorWyndhamWorldwideThedatacomprisedavarietyofsegmentsandglobalregionsParticipatingpropertiescompleteda65-itemquestionnaireaskingwhichdatawereavailablehowdatapointsweremeasured(includingtheexistenceofsub-meteringandsub-categoryspecificity)andtheactualvaluesDatawerethenanalyzedtoproduceandcomparetheperformanceindica-torsamongthepropertieswithfeedbackfromthethreefirmsonthestudymethodandresults
DimensionsandAspectsTheenvironmentaspectofsustainabledevelopmentincludedthecommonlycitedindicatorsGHGemissionsenergywaterandwasteThesewerelimitedentirelytocon-sumptionandimpactareasofsustainabilitymeasurementbecausemeasurementismorestraightforwardandmoreeasilyagreedonthansuchmattersaspoliciesprocessesandspecificationswhichwerenotincludedThewiderangeofcriteriafallingunderthoselattercategorieswoulddelaytheprocessofcollaborativeeffortandindustrystandardizationforthepurposesofthisstudy
Toobtaindatafortheseareastodevelopperformanceindicatorsthefollowingdatapointswerecollected(inaddi-tiontodataonpropertyprofileandqualitativeinformationonfacilitiesandoutlets)1 Energyusage 11 Fuelsburnedon-site(separatedbyfueltype) 12 Electricity 13 MunicipalSteam 14 RenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)purchased2 Waterusage 21 Municipalwater 22 Municipalchilledwater 23 Wellwater3 Wastetonnage 31 Diverted(separatedbycategoryasavailable) 32 Non-Diverted4 Refrigerantusageforrefillingofcoolingequipment
(separatebyrefrigeranttype)5 CarbonOffsetspurchased
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 17
BoundarySpecification
property operations
SpecificationsfortheboundaryofGHGemissionsandthelikeweredrivenbythepurposeofthestudywhichwastodeterminethemeasurementunitsresultingfrompropertyoperationsThereforetheconsumptiondataandresultingenvironmentalimpactsinGHGemissionswereconsideredfromtheoperationofthebuildingandnotitslifecycleoritssupplychainAsaconsequencethefollowingwerenotincludedbull ConsumptionandresultingGHGemissionsfromthe
constructionandremodelingofthebuilding
bull Consumptionbytheguestwhenoutsidetheproperty(egairorgroundtraveltothehotel)
bull Consumptionbycorporateofficesorregionalstaffthatoperatesoutsidethebuildingthoughtheyarenecessar-ilyinvolvedintheoverallfunctioningofthehotelor
bull Consumptionfromoperationsofvendorsorsuppliers
Data as boundary
ForthepurposeofthisstudytheutilitydatasubmittedwerethesamedataanalyzedNoconsiderationwasmadeastotheoperationalorfinancialcontrolofanyoutletsfacilitiesamenitiesorotherpublicspacesthatmaybeincludedintheutilitydatabutaretechnicallyoutsidethehotelman-agementrsquosoperationsInclusionofoutletsandfacilitieswasanalyzedqualitativelyinthestudytodeterminewhicharegenerallyincludedandwhichifanyaresub-metered
LikewiseifapropertyresoldanyenergytoathirdpartyoritsoriginalproviderandthathadnotbeenadjustedinthedataprovidedthenitwasnotreflectedintheanalysisCon-verselyifapropertyoutsourcedoperationssuchaslaundrythenutilityconsumptionfromthoseoutsourcedserviceswerenotincludedbecausetheywerenotrepresentedintheutilitybillspresentedNovalidationofthedataweresoughtsotheactualdatawereanalyzedregardlessofwhethertheyincludedminuteinstancesoffuelburningsuchasfromshuttleserviceslandscapingorsmallheatingstations
DatawerecollectedonanannualbasisforthepreviouscalendaryearofoperationsCollectingandanalyzingdataonanannualbasisbycalendaryearallowedforuniformcomparisonandsmoothedfluctuationsbasedonweatheranddemandseasonalityInthecaseofanewpropertyorapropertythatunderwentasignificantrenovationdatawerecollectedfortheprior12-monthperiodratherthanthecalendaryearInadditiontoconsistencyofseasonalfluctuationsacalendaryearispreferableinthiscasetoarolling12-monthperiodbecausethelatterwouldrequire12
instancesofdatacollectionwhileacalendaryeardatasetonlyrequiresonedatapoint
Recognizingthatutilitybillingisnotuniforminmonth-lycut-offdatesandshiftsdependingonwhenmetersarereadoronwhichdatesdaysoftheweekfallthestudyusedoneoftwomethods1 Usingthe12-perioddatasetclosesttoJanuaryndashDecem-
berusagewastobedividedbythenumberofdaysinthe12periodsandthentheresultingvaluewasmulti-pliedby365toarriveatanannualfigureproximatetothecalendaryearor
2 Usingeachperiodonthebeginningandfinalendsofthecalendaryeareachinstancewastobedividedbytheusagebythenumberofdayswithintheperiodandthenthevaluemultipliedbythenumberofdaysoccur-ringwithinthecalendaryearofthebillingperiodAsanexampleusagebilledfromDecember102009throughJanuary92010wouldbedividedby31andthenmulti-pliedby9toarriveattheJanuaryvalue
Theboundaryofutilityconsumptionandenviron-mentalimpactsfollowedtheGreenhouseGasProtocolrsquosdefinitionofscopeusingscope1(directemissions)and2(indirectemissions)onlyandnotconsideringscope3emis-sions(thoseofthirdparties)asspecifiedinthequantifica-tionsectionbelowRationaleforlimitingthestudytoscope1and2wasdrawnfromthefollowingconsiderations1 Scope3emissionsfromhoteloperationsisinvariably
complexgiventheinputsofmaterialslaborandguestsandwouldrequireextensivedatagathering
2 Thesameinvariabilitywouldinhibituniformquantifica-tionandmeasurementbyhotelstostakeholdersintheshort-andmid-termunderminingthecurrentbasicneedsandrequestsofthesamestakeholders
3 Thedifficultyinscope3emissionsstandardizationinhotelenvironmentalfootprintingiscompoundedbytheissuesofuncertaintyandlackofawidelyacceptedstandardregardingquantificationofGHGemissionsa(PAS20502008existsintheUKforproductfootprint-ingbutISO14067andtheGHGProtocolCorporateValueChainandProductAccountingandReportingStandardsarenotfinalizedtodate)and
4 Oncescope1and2dataareavailableforallvendorsandlifecyclesofproductstheycanbereadilyaggre-gatedtodeterminetheiroverallmateriality
ConsumptionofenergyandwaterandwastegenerationallfollowedthesameconsiderationsforscopeAsaresultoperationalGHGemissionsutilityconsumptionandwastegenerationwerenotincludedinthestudyrsquosboundaryasassociatedwith
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
18 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
1 Treatmentofwastewatereffluent2 Waterpurificationofpurchasedpotablewater3 OffsiteITservers4 Employeecommutes5 Travelofpropertyemployees6 Corporateregionalandsatellitefacilities7 Guesttravel8 Guestconsumptionoff-site9 Vendorsandsuppliers10 Outsourcedlaundrywash11 Lifecyclesofmaterialsandsuppliesusedinongoing
operationsand12 Lifecyclesofdurablematerialsandsupplies(ieFFampE)
QuantificationThepredominantresourceforGHGemissionsquantifica-tionandinventoryingisprovidedbytheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)anditsGreenhouseGasProtocolThesecitetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)oncertainmethodsanddatabuttheIPCCdoesnotprovidethetoolsorguidelinesfornationalcorporateorfacilityinventorycalculationWhilemanycountrieswillusetheirowngreenhousegasinventoriestoarriveatdefaultemis-sionsfactorsothersusetheWRIrsquosguidelinesforGHGinventoriesThisincludesnationalorregionalbodies(suchastheClimateRegistryinNorthAmerica)
GreenhouseGasesInaccordancewiththeGreenhouseGasProtocolthefol-lowinggaseswereconsideredgreenhousegasesinemissionsinventoriesbull CarbonDioxide(CO2)bull Methane(CH4)bull NitrousOxide(N20)bull Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)bull Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)andbull SulfurHexafluoride(SF6)
Becausehoteloperationsdonotgenerallyemitper-fluorocarbonsorsulfurhexafluoridethosetwogaseswerenotincludedinthisstudyAlthoughwatervaporhasbeencharacterizedasagreenhousegasandmanyhotelsemitwatervaporaspartofwasteheatfromcoolingtowersthewasteheatisconsideredsurface-levelandnotatmosphericandthereforethisvaporwasnotquantified
ForthepreviouslydelineatedboundaryandscopethefollowingsourcesofGHGemissionsinahotelrsquosoperationwereincludedinthequantificationofacarbonfootprint1 Emissionsresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels
(Scope1)2 Emissionsresultingfromthegenerationofpurchased
electricity(Scope2)3 Emissionsresultingfrompurchasedheatandsteam
andchilledwater(Scope2)and4 Fugitiveemissions(Scope1)
ThefollowingstipulationswereusedinquantifyingGHGemissions1 Siteenergywasused(asopposedtosourceenergy)for
fuelandelectricityconsumption2 GHGemissionsareexpressedincarbondioxideequiva-
lent(CO2e)3 Fuelemissionfactorswereconvertedathighheating
values(HHV)4 Emissionfactorswereprioritizedasfollows 1Global(universal) 2Nationaland 3Regionalprovincialorstatefactors5 WRIemissionfactorswereusedastheprimarysource
whenavailableand6 Country-sourcedemissionfactorswereusedwhenWRI
emissionfactorsarenotavailable
1 burning Fossil Fuels
ThefollowingsixfueltypesgenerallyconsumedinhoteloperationswereincludedinGHGemissionscalculationnaturalgasgasolinedieselpropanefueloil(includingsixsubtypes)andliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andsomeofitssubtypemixesofpropaneliquidpropaneandbutaneGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerecalculatedbymul-tiplyingtheconsumptionofeachfueltypebyitsemissionfactor
ForthequantificationofGHGemissionsfromfuelburningthestandardunitofmeasurementusedwasmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)foraggregatevaluesandlaternormalizedaskilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)whenthevaluewaslessthanonemet-rictonAlthoughdataregardingeachfuelsourceweregath-eredindistinctunitsofmeasurementthemostconvenientapproachwastoconvertallfuelconsumptiontoasingleunit(ieMBtuorkWh)forGHGemissionsquantificationandthenconvertthatresulttokguponfinalcalculationAsfuelsareoftenprovidedindifferentformsfromtheutilityproviderconversionfactorswereappliedalthoughconver-sionvaluesvarypersourceofconversiondata46
emissions Factors from Fuel burning
TheWRIrsquosStationaryCombustionToolVersion40usingemissionfactorsfromtheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
46USDepartmentoftheInteriorBTUsConversionTablehttpwwwdoigovpameneratt2html
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 19
GreenhouseGasInventoriesidentifiestheGHGemissionfactorsincommonfueltypesasfoundinExhibit5IntheUnitedStatestheEPAprovidestheemissionfactorsshowninExhibit6
AsaresultGHGemissionsfromfuelburningwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountoffuelconsumedinMBTUbyitscorrespondingemissionfactor(WRIwhenavailableUSEPAotherwise)andthenconvertingtheag-gregateunitstoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2unitsasoutlinedinthefollowingequation
FT MtCO2e = nMBTU times EF kg CO2e
1 MBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
WhereFT = GHG emissions from fuel typen = volume of fuel consumptionEF = Emission Factor
2 purchased electricity
GHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityareindirectemissions(scope2)becauseusingtheelectricitydrivesitsproductionbutthegreenhousegasesareemittedduring
theprocessofgeneratinganddistributingelectricityatthesourcenotfromitsconsumptiononsiteElectricitycon-sumedonpropertythatwasgeneratedonsitethroughcom-binedheatandpower(cogeneration)wasnotconsideredherebecauseitwouldhavebeenaccountedforinconnec-tionwithfuelburning
ElectricityconsumptionwasprovidedinkWhwhichisdirectlyconvertibletoGHGemissionsbymultiplyingcon-sumptioninkWhbythecorrespondingcountryemissionfactorwhichisdrivenbythewiderangeoffuelmixesusedtogeneratetheelectricityandpowerplantefficiencyFranceforexamplehascountrywideemissionfactorof085kgofCO2perkWhofelectricityproducedwhileChinarsquosemissionfactoris788kgofCO2perkWh47Countryemissionfactors(CO2only)fromelectricitygenerationasavailablefromtheWRIGHGProtocolToolforStationaryCombustionareinAppendixBforreferenceGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofkWhconsumedby000593718
47CalculatedusingtheGHGProtocoltoolforstationarycombustionWorldResourcesInstitute(2009)Version40
Fuel Type Mt Co2Mbtu Mt Ch4Mbtu Mt n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
natural Gas 0053272 00000047480 00000000950 534011432
Motor Gasoline 00694625 00000100235 00000006014 698594371
liquefied petroleum Gases (lpG) 00599191 00000047480 00000000950 600482732
residual Fuel oil (Fuel oil no 5) 00775815 00000100235 00000006014 779784316
Exhibit 5
GhG emissions (commercial and institutional sector) using high heating values of fuel
Source World Resources Institute (2008) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 40
Exhibit 6
Direct greenhouse gas emission factors using high heating values of fuel
Fuel Type kg Co2Mbtu kg Ch4Mbtu kg n2oMbtu kg Co2eMbtu
propane 630667 00105419 00006325 63484124
liquid propane 631620 00105419 00006325 63579457
Fuel oil no1 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no2 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Fuel oil no4 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Diesel 731500 00105419 00006325 73567457
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Leaders Program Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Appendix B (May 2008) in US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Tracking in Portfolio Manager (August 31 2009)
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
20 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ToconverttheemissionfactorstoMtCO2kWh
EC MtCO2e =
nkWh times 1 kWh
1000 MWhtimes
EF lb CO2e1 MWh times 1 kg
22 lb times 1 Mt
1000 kg
WhereEC = GHG emissions from electricityn = amount of electricity consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
3 purchased Steam and hot or Chilled Water
AsisthecasewithelectricityenergyrequiredtogeneratesteamhotwaterandchilledwaterwhichispurchasedbythehotelisincludedasaScope2emissionAlsosimilartoelectricityemissionfactorsforpurchasedsteamorwatervarybycountryandregionTheWRIprovidesguidanceonhowsuchinventoriesandemissionfactorsmaybecalcu-latedbutdoesnotprovidecountrydataoremissionfactorsTheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationprovidedge-nericemissionfactorsforsteamandchilledwaterbasedonnationalaveragesunderitsVoluntaryReportingofGreen-houseGasesinitiativeSteamorhotwateremissionfactorswereprovidedwithoutcountry-specificdistinctionSteam and hot Water
EmissionfactorsforsteamandhotwateraredependentonhowthewaterwasheatedanddistributedAccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationthenationalemissionfactorusedininventoryaccountingforpurchasedsteamandhotwaterintheUSis96952kgCO2eMMB-TU48Tonormalizetheunitofmeasure
SE MtCO2e = nMMBTUtimes
1 kg1000 Mt
times EF kg CO2e1 MMBTU
WhereSE = GHG emissions from steamn = amount of steam consumptionEF = Country Emission Factor
AsaresultGHGemissionsfrompurchasedsteamintheUSwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby0096952toarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2eunitsChilled Water
ConsiderationsforchilledwateraresimilartothoseofpurchasedsteamorelectricityBecausenaturalgasmaybeeitherabsorptionorengine-driventheUSbenchmarkdomesticchilledwateremissionfactorsfornaturalgasas
48InstructionsforFormEIA-1605VoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesEnergyInformationAdministrationDepartmentofEnergyOc-tober152007AppendixNEmissionsBenchmarksforPurchasedSteamandChilledHotWater
identifiedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationareasfollowsbull Absorptionchiller00665MtCO2eMBTUandbull Engine-drivenchiller004433MtCO2eMBTU
Forelectric-drivenchillerstheemissionfactoragaindependsonthefuelmixusedtogenerateelectricitywhichismultipliedby238095intheUSFollowingthesameargumentsasoutlinedaboveinquantifyingemissionsfrompurchasedelectricityGHGemissionsfrompurchasedelec-tric-drivenchilledwaterintheUSweretobequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamountofMBTUconsumedby004155978
ForemissionfactorsbycountrytheEnergyInforma-tionAdministrationofferedguidanceondeterminingemissionfactorsinforeigncountriesbymultiplyingtheirelectricityemissionfactors(expressedinMTCO2MWhkgCH4ton-hourandkgN2Oton-hourofcoolingpur-chased)by0921usingitsforeignelectricityemissionfac-torsThosefactorshoweveraredated1999ndash2002thereforetheWRIcountryelectricityemissionfactorscanbesubsti-tutedformoreaccuratedata
4 Fugitive emissions
Emissionsfromsubstanceswithsignificantglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)suchasthosefoundinrefrigerationequip-mentwereincludedinthequantificationofahotelrsquoscarbonfootprintThisincludeschillersdecentralizedaircondition-ingunitsandFampBtemperature-regulatedstorageCommonrefrigerantsareHFC-22(R-22)HFC-123HFC-134aR-410aandR-404aThoughtheoperationaluseofthesegasesthemselvesdoesnotgenerateGHGemissionstheirleakageintotheatmosphereconstitutesfugitiveemissionsaScope1sourceofGHGemissionsaccordingtotheGreenhouseGasProtocol49
Inhoteloperationsthedatafromfugitiveemissionsweregatherednotnecessarilywhentheleakageoccursbutwhentheequipmentrsquosrefrigerantwasrefilledthroughcor-rectivemaintenanceonpropertyIfrefrigerantwasrecycledbythevendorwithoutactualleakagethenitwasnotcount-edsinceoffsiteuseofthegasisnotwithinthespecifiedscopeLikewisethisamountdoesnotrefertotheamountofrefrigerantcirculatinginthecoolingequipment
EmissionfactorsforrefrigerantsarespecifiedbyengineeringandscientificorganizationsEmissionfactorsusedforquantificationinthisstudyrepresenttheGWPovera100-yearlifespanofthegasesintheatmosphereAfulllistofrefrigerantsandtheirGWPisfoundinAppendixCGHGemissionsfromfugitiverefrigerantwerequantifiedbymultiplyingtheamount(inMt)ofeachrefrigerantreplaced
49WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 21
(becauseofleakage)byitsGWPthensummingtheGHGemissionsfromeachtoarriveatavalueofGHGemissionsinMtCO2units
GHGEmissionsReductionsForthepurposesofthisstudyemissionreductionsrepre-sentpurchasesofRenewableEnergyCertificates(RECs)onlywithinthedatasetperiodandnotreductionsachievedfromoneperiodagainstanotherDataforRECspurchasedthroughautilityproviderwerecollectedinkWhofRECspurchasedforinclusioninthefinalcarbonfootprintcalcula-tionsIfapropertygeneratedrenewableenergyon-sitethentheenergyusagewaslateraccountedforinthesubsequentenergyquantificationsection
TheCO2ereductionsresultingfromtheRECspur-chasedaregenerallyonlyapplicabletotheenergysourcetheygenerate(inmostcaseselectricity)ThereforethesameemissionfactorsareappliedtothekWhofRECswithinthesamecategoryoftheenergysourceemissionstheyarereducingMultiplyingtheemissionfactorbytheMtofkWhwillproducethevalueofCO2ereduced
CarbonOffsetsCarbonoffsetsasaformofGHGemissionsmitigationweretalliedinMtCO2epurchasedsotheymaybeincludedinfinalcarbonfootprintcalculationsCarbonoffsetsaremitigationtechniqueshoweverandarenotdirectlyassoci-atedwithfuelpurchaseorgridsystemsfromwhichthehotelsourcesitsenergy
GHGEmissionsCalculationUsingthefourcategoriesofGHGemissionssourcedataabovethefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBCO2e + sum FECO2e - sum REC1CO2e = Scope 1 GHG EmissionsB sum ECCO2e + sum PSCO2e + sum CWCO2e - sum REC2CO2e = Scope 2 GHG
EmissionsC A + B = Gross Carbon FootprintD C ndash COCO2e = Net Carbon Footprint
Where FB = Fuel Burned FE = Fugitive Emissions EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water REC1 = Scope 1 Renewable Energy Certificates REC2 = Scope 2 Renewable Energy Certificates CO = Carbon Offsets
EnergyUsageThesamedatacollectedforGHGemissionsboundaryandquantificationwereusedtocalculatethehotelrsquosenergyperformancewithtwoadditionsFirstalsoconsideredwasanyrenewableenergygeneratedonsitethatdidnotfactor
intotheGHGemissionsquantificationTheenergygener-atedon-sitefromrenewablesourceswastobequantifiedinthesameunitofmeasurementastheotherfuelsburnedSecondenergyconsumedbychilledwaterorfuelwouldneedconversiontounitsofenergy(butnotGHGemissions)inthecasethatitwereprovidedinvolume
ForenergyusagethethreeunitsofmeasurementforprovidingenergydatawereMBTUkWhandJGiventheprevalenceofelectricityuseinhotelskWhwasusedastheunitofmeasurement
Tomeasureenergyusageinthedatasetthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A sum FBkWh + sum RFBkWh = Direct Energy UsageB sum ECkWh + sum PSkWh + sumCWkWh = Indirect Energy UsageC A + B = Total Energy Usage
Where FB = Fuel Burned RFB = Renewable Fuel Burned EC = Purchased Electricity PS = Purchased Steam and Hot Water CW = Purchased Chilled Water
NotethatRECsandcarbonoffsetsdonotenterintoenergyusagecalculationsastheydonotrepresentreduc-tionsinactualusage
WaterUsageFourinstancesofwaterusagewereaddressedasfollows1 Purchasedsteamorhotwater2 Purchasedchilledwater3 Purchasedwaterand4 Wellwaterwithdrawn
OfthesefourthefirsttwowereaddressedintermsoftheenergyrequirementsfortheirheatingandcoolingandnotwaterusageForthescopeofthestudythefirsttwocategoriesofwaterusageabovedonotfactorintowaterconsumptionbecausetheywereassumedtobeinaclosedloopsystemwiththedistrictandthusnowatergainsorlossesoccurWaterwithdrawalsoccurringforpurchaseddistrictwaterchilledwaterorsteamwerebeyondthescopeofthestudyandthereforewaterwithdrawaldatarefersonlytowaterwithdrawnonsite
DataonwaterconsumptionwerecollectedbasedonthevaluesofwaterusedonpropertyandnotthevaluesofwatertreatedbythedistrictSub-meteringforirrigationandcoolingtowervapormaypresentadiscrepancyinthewaterusageifnotpropertycountedasbothareinstancesofwaterusageandshouldbecounted(butnotdoublecounted)
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
22 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
ForwaterusagethecommonunitsofmeasurementforprovidingwaterdatawereCubicFeet(Ft3)CubicMeters(M3)Liters(l)andGallons(g)M3wasusedastheunitofaggregatemeasurementconvertedtolitersastheunitinnormalizedmetrics
Tomeasurewaterusageinthedatasetoncenormalizingtheunitsofmeasurementthefollowingcalculationswereperformed
A Purchased district waterB Well water withdrawn andC A + B = Total Water Usage
WasteGenerationThedefinitionofperformancemetricsforwasteismuchmoreextensivethanthoseforenergywaterorcarbonbecauseofthebroadscopeofmaterialscoveredwithinthewastestreamandthelackofdatacurrentlyavail-ableWastedatawerenotconsideredwithintheoperationalboundaryforthescope3car-bonemissionsoranyassociatedenergyflowsLikewisewaterextractedfromorganicwastewasnotaddressedinboundaryorquantifica-tiondefinitions
ThemostcommonquantificationisthetonnageofwastewhetherlandfilledburnedordivertedThisservesbothasaquantifica-tionmethodaswellasametricalthoughstudieshaveshownthatdivertedwastedataarenotalwaysreadilyavailable50Further-moreconsumptionandimpactsrelatedtodifferenttypesofdivertedwastelessenthesignificanceofacatch-allcategoryofdiversionThestudythereforesoughtouttoqualitativelyassesstheavailabilityofwastedataunderstandingthatissuesofquantifica-tionboundaryandmetricsneededfurtherstudyforfinalperformancemetricstobedetermined
MetricsAcriticalissueforalodgingindustrysus-tainabilitymeasureistorenderitintermsthatareappropriatetohoteloperationInparticularsincestakeholdershaverequestedmeasurementsofsustainability-relateddataasconnectedtotheirhotelstaysannual
50ChanWW(2009)EnvironmentalmeasuresforhotelsrsquoenvironmentalmanagementsystemsInterna-tionalJournalofContemporaryHospitalityManage-ment21(5)542-560
Exhibit 7
potential sustainability performance metrics
Aggregate Measure
divide Metric unit = performance Metric
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PAR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Available Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions PAR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint PAR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Available Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint PAR
Direct Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Direct Energy Usage PAR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage PAR
Total Energy Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Energy Usage PAR
Purchased District Water divide Available Rooms = Purchased District Water PAR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Available Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn PAR
Total Water Usage divide Available Rooms = Total Water Usage PAR
Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Diverted Waste PAR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Available Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste PAR
Total Waste divide Available Roos = Total Waste PAR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 1 GHG Emissions POR
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Occupied Rooms = Scope 2 GHG emissions POR
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Gross Carbon Footprint POR
Net Carbon Footprint divide Occupied Rooms = Net Carbon Footprint POR
Direct Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Direct Energy Usage POR
Indirect Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Indirect Energy Usage POR
Total Energy Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Energy Usage POR
Purchased District Water divide Occupied Rooms = Purchased District Water POR
Well Water Withdrawn divide Occupied Rooms = Well Water Withdrawn POR
Total Water Usage divide Occupied Rooms = Total Water Usage POR
Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Diverted Waste POR
Non-Diverted Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Non-Diverted Waste POR
Total Waste divide Occupied Rooms = Total Waste POR
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PRS
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Rooms Sold = Scope 2 GHG emissions PRS
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Gross Carbon Footprint PRS
Net Carbon Footprint divide Rooms Sold = Net Carbon Footprint PRS
Direct Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Direct Energy Usage PRS
Indirect Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Indirect Energy Usage PRS
Total Energy Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Energy Usage PRS
Purchased District Water divide Rooms Sold = Purchased District Water PRS
Well Water Withdrawn divide Rooms Sold = Well Water Withdrawn PRS
Total Water Usage divide Rooms Sold = Total Water Usage PRS
Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Diverted Waste PRS
Non-Diverted Waste divide Rooms Sold = Non-Diverted Waste PRS
Total Waste divide Rooms Sold = Total Waste PRS
Scope 1 GHG Emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 1 GHG Emissions PSF
Scope 2 GHG emissions divide Square Feet = Scope 2 GHG emissions PSF
Gross Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Gross Carbon Footprint PSF
Net Carbon Footprint divide Square Feet = Net Carbon Footprint PSF
Direct Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Direct Energy Usage PSF
Indirect Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Indirect Energy Usage PSF
Total Energy Usage divide Square Feet = Total Energy Usage PSF
Purchased District Water divide Square Feet = Purchased District Water PSF
Well Water Withdrawn divide Square Feet = Well Water Withdrawn PSF
Total Water Usage divide Square Feet = Total Water Usage PSF
Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Diverted Waste PSF
Non-Diverted Waste divide Square Feet = Non-Diverted Waste PSF
Total Waste divide Square Feet = Total Waste PSF
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 23
valuesofGHGemissionsandusagearenotrelevanttotheirspecificdatarequest
Thereforethemeasurementsneedtobeconvertedintometricsthatare1 comprehensibleandrelevanttothestakeholder
2 commonthroughouttheindustry
3 representativeofindividualconsumption
4 practicalforcalculationandcommunicationand
5 incentivizinginimprovingperformanceacrossallsus-tainabilityaspects
FourpotentialvaluesofperformancemetricswereidentifiedforcommonuseTheirapplicationinsustainabil-itymeasurementisderivedfromdividinganyoftheaboveGHGemissionsenergywaterandwastevaluesbycommonindustrymetricsRooms availablemdashthetotalroomsavailable(roominven-
tory)duringthecalendaryear(ieimpactperavailableroomorPAR)
Rooms soldmdashthetotalroomssoldduringthecalendaryear(notincludingcomproomsorno-shows)(orimpactperroomsoldorPRS)
Rooms occupiedmdashthetotalroomsoccupiedduringthecalendaryear(soldrooms+comprooms)(orimpactperoccupiedroomorPOR)and
Areamdashthetotalareaofthebuilding(orimpactpersquarefeetPSForpersquaremeterorPSM)
Theonlyadditionaldenominatorsconsideredwereperguestorperguest-nightAper-guestmetricmayberelevanttoactivitywithinthehotel(egameeting)butnotneces-sarilyforaroom-nightShouldaper-guestvalueberequest-editiseasiertodividearoom-basedmetricbythenumberofguests(asisthesamecaseingroundandairtransporta-tion)toarriveatthecorrespondingvalueratherthanbuildametricaroundthenumberofguestsandextrapolatetoaper-roommetricThisstudyexaminedthepotentialperfor-mancemetricsshowninExhibit7onthepreviouspage
StudyResults
Data
HoteldatarepresentedeverySTRchainscalesegment(exceptindependent)ineverymajorclimatezoneAsshowninExhibit8thesamplewasrepresentedmostheavilybyupscaleandupperupscalepropertiesAlthoughmosthotelswereintheUSthedataincludednineinternationalpropertiesacrossEuropetheMiddleEastandAsiaAllhotelsreportednumberofguestroomschainscaleseg-mentandheatingandcoolingdegreedays(HDDsand
CDDs)althoughthepercentageofresponsesdiminishedasthequestionsbecamemoredetailed(iegrossfloorareaaveragesquarefootageperguestroomsquarefootageoffunctionspaceoccupiedrooms)Thoughnearlyeveryhotelreportedroomssoldintheperiodlessthanhalfprovidedtheoccupiedroomcount(roomssold+comprooms)Lessthanhalfofthepropertiesspecifiedthefacilitiesandameni-ties(otherthanlaundry)thatwereincludedintheutilitytotalsMosthotelsreportedtotalwaterbutmostpropertiesdidnotreportwaterusagebrokendownintosub-categoriesofdistrictwaterwellwaterorchilledwater
FourteenhotelsrespondedtowastequestionsOfthose11wereabletoreportwastedataintonnagebutonlyfourhotelswereabletoprovidewastediversionratesTwohotelsdivertedorganicwastethroughcompostingThoughdiversionrateswerereportedonlyonepropertywasabletoprovideactualdivertedwaste(incubicyards)Nopropertiesprovideddivertedwastedatabyspecificstream
NohotelshadpurchasedRECsorcarbonoffsets
BoundariesBoundaryvariationsaroseinthedatacollectionForexam-plefourhotelsincludeddataonutilityconsumptionfromoutsourcedamenitiessuchascafeacutesandrestaurantsOfthefourthreeweresub-meteredThedifficultiesinverifyingthefacilitiesandamenitiesincludedinutilitytotalsalsopresentboundaryvariationsThoughlaundryandswimmingpoolswereeasilyverifiedotherfacilitiesthatcouldaffectperfor-mancemetrics(suchasafitnesscenterspaoragiftshoporotherretailoutlets)werenotcommonlyspecified
Finallyofthe19hotelsreportingwhetherlaundrywasincludedinconsumptiontotalssixhotelsreportedthatthey
EconomyMidscale
Upper Midscale
Upscale
Upper Upscale
Luxury
Sample Composition
Exhibit 8
Sample composition
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
24 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
washedlinensandtowelsin-houseandfourhotelsout-sourcedtheirlaundrytoathird-partyvendorInotehowev-erthatlaundrywasincludedinthetwelvehotelsrsquoutilitycon-sumptionThisindicatesthepossibilitythatlaundrycouldhavebeenincludedinconsumptiontotalseventhoughitwasoutsourcedThevariancesofenergywaterandGHGperformancemetricsduetoin-housevsoutsourcedlaundrywasharediscussedbelowalthoughanyconclusionistenu-ousbecauseofthelimiteddatasample(Exhibit9specifiesthenumberofrespondentstoeachquestion)
PerformanceMetricsSomeformofperavailableroomorpersquaremeasurevalueswereavailableforall20hotelsPer-room-soldvalueswerepossiblefor17hotelsyetper-occupied-roomvalueswereonlyavailablefor8hotelsinthedatasetPerformancevariedwidelyamongpropertiesasdidpropertysizeandchainscaleThebreakdownbymetricandchainscaleseg-mentcanbefoundinAppendixE
GHGemissionsperavailableroomrangedfrom3kgto75kgor44kgto76kgperroomsoldRangesandvariancesinenergyconsumptionmimickedthoseofGHGemissionswhichisnotsurprisinggiventheirstrongconnectionWatervariancesdidnotshowasmuchofarangeordeviationasenergyorGHGemissionsrangingfrom565to1117litersPARor846to1673litersPRSThemeanincrementinoc-cupiedroomssoldwas7Inthehighestcasetheoccupiedroomcountwas15percenthigherthanthecountofroomssold
Thoughsmallerthroughsegmentfilterswhensepa-ratingthehotelsoutbySTRchainscaletherangesandvariancesalsolessenThisislogicalsincesimilarproperties(iecompsets)ofratecategoriesmayhavesimilarattributesAnytypeofbenchmarkstakenfromthestudymaybemorerepresentativebychainscale
Thestudydidnotincludeyear-over-yearperformancetoallowforanalysisoffluctuationsinvaluesduetooc-cupancychangesHoweveritisclearthatPARandPSR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Swim
min
g Po
ol
Gros
s flo
or a
rea
(m2)
Num
ber o
f Hea
ting
Degr
ee hellip
Cool
ing
Degr
ee D
ays
Num
ber o
f ava
ilabl
e ro
om hellip
Num
ber o
f roo
ms s
old
in 2
010
Tota
l Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
(m3)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
MBT
U)
Tota
l Ene
rgy (
kWh)
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
whP
AR
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WhP
RS
Tota
l Ene
rgy k
WH
Ft2
Wat
er LP
AR
Wat
er LP
RS
Wat
er L
FT2
Tota
l Dire
ct G
HG (S
cope
1)
Tota
l GHG
MtC
O2e
Tota
l GHG
kgPA
R
Tota
l GHG
kgPR
S
Tota
l GHG
kgF
t2
Percent of Respondents Reporting
Exhibit 9
number of respondents per survey question
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 25
Exhibit 10
Sample data
metricscannotbeusedinterchangeablyAsummaryofthesampledataisfoundinExhibit10onthispageandthenext
Regardingwasteperformancewasdifficulttoevaluategiventhelackofresponseandboundaryorquantification
parameterissuesItisinterestingtonotethatamongthefourhotelsreportingwastediversionratestopperformanceindiversionrateswasnotcorrelatedwithperformanceinwastegenerationsuggestingthatdiversionratesalonemaynotbe
Chain scale segment
Total Water Consumption
(m3) Water LPARWater LPRS
Water LFT2
Swimming Pool
Economy (n=1) 0
Midscale (n=2) 1688672 33541 54669 21419 1
Upper Midscale (n=2) 10574325 21319 45476 24682 1
Upscale (n=10) 7260932 10266148 82759 27123 9
Upper Upscale (n=2) 12670909 35504 51615 14511 2
Luxury (n=3) 19049832 64860 124731 31242 1
Total (n=20) 9712045 4853205 80770 25408 14
Chain scale segmentTotal Energy
(MBTU)Total Energy
(kWh)
Total Energy kwhPAR
Total Energy
kWhPRS
Total Energy
kWHFt2 Economy (n=1) 120663 35364364 1730 2806 1871
Midscale (n=2) 512543 150217902 2868 4913 1815
Upper Midscale (n=2) 4481411 1313426338 5491 6612 3276
Upscale (n=10) 2594715 760467346 7294 10060 4084
Upper Upscale (n=2) 7257885 2127164346 6402 9306 2706
Luxury (n=3) 6557708 1921954260 8935 12776 3156
Total (n=20) 3614177 1059254616 6419 9103 3266
Chain scale segmentNumber of guestrooms
Gross floor area m2
Number of Heating Degree
Days
Cooling Degree
Days
Number of available
room nights in
2010
Number of rooms sold
in 2010Economy (n=1) 56 175577 422600 123700 2044000 1260467
Midscale (n=2) 143 765958 300850 291200 5205200 3074800
Upper Midscale (n=2) 683 4140972 203600 211100 24902650 10164300
Upscale (n=10) 289 2752586 150230 404040 10388230 8478989
Upper Upscale (n=2) 908 8488695 210100 160700 33196800 22831400
Luxury (n=3) 530 5273199 250433 264567 19312000 13176200
Total (n=20) 400 3515614 205265 314190 14523580 9948704
Concluded on next page
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
26 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
themostappropriateindicatorofperformancetocommuni-cateconsumptionandimpacts(Exhibit11)
DiscussionThevariationsinperformanceindicatorvaluesclearlydemonstratetheneedformoreprecisefootprintingthanacatch-allvalueusedingenericcarboncalculatorsUsingonegenericindustry-wideaverageandmultiplyingbythenumberofroom-nightstofootprintastakeholderrsquoshotelstayswouldbenomorevalidthanapplyingasingledailyrateforallroom-nightsThesefindingsunderlinetheneedforcollaborativeagreementontheperformancemetricsThefollowingdiscussionoutlinesthepointswhereagreementwouldbenefittheindustryasitattemptstotellitssustain-abilitystory
BoundarySeveralboundaryissuesmeritfurtherdiscussionTobeginwithcapitalexpendituresarenotincludedbecausethesemeasuresareintendedtoaddressoperatingimpactsThoughahotelrsquosPampLincludesdebtservicetheldquoenvironmentaldebtservicerdquoofamortizingorallocatingthefootprintofbuild-
ingorrenovatingthehotelwasnotconsideredSecondalthoughthestudyappliedthecalendaryearexpensestotheextentpossiblearolling12-monthaverageorquarterlyupdateasthestandarddataboundarymaybemorerelevanttoastakeholderrequestifmonthlycalculationispractical
Facility-LevelDataThestudyonlytookintoaccountfacility-leveldatanotconsideringtheupstreamordownstreamfootprintsNeed-lesstosayifeverybusinessincludingthehotelrsquossuppliersmeasuredScope1and2emissionsinaggregateandnormal-izedmetricsthenhotelswouldnothavetocalculatescope3emissionsthemselvesThereforeifhotelswouldmeasurethescope1and2emissionsfromoperationsinauniformmetricfortheirclientsandthenrequirethesamefromtheirsuppliersthenthegoalofmeasurementandcomparabilitywouldbemoreeffectivelyaddressedAsustainabilitymea-suremightincludetheeffectsoftheparentbrandrsquosstructureIfahotelcompanyweretoenterintoalarge-scalecarbonoffsettingschemeorRECinitiativeonewouldhavetodeterminehowtodistributetheeffectsofreductionsamongconstituentproperties
Metric hotel A hotel b hotel C hotel D
Diversion rate 392 16 21 21
Total Waste pAr 297 140 324 172
Total Waste por NA 201 465 249
Total Waste prS 333 201 471 250
Total Waste pSF 192 095 107 089
Exhibit 11
Analysis of waste measurement
Chain scale segmentTotal Direct
GHG (Scope 1)Total GHG MtCO2e
Total GHG kgPAR
Total GHG kgPRS
Total GHG kgFt2
Economy (n=1) 3538 13006 636 1032 688
Midscale (n=2) 9614 67481 1281 2210 810
Upper Midscale (n=2) 96615 547678 2118 2208 1246
Upscale (n=10) 72482 450287 3418 4674 1839
Upper Upscale (n=2) 198341 814979 2417 3513 1015
Luxury (n=3) 151132 778807 3640 5262 1282
Total (n=20) 93810 491865 2772 3901 1385
Exhibit 10
Sample data
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 27
Likewisetheutilitydatawereanalyzedassubmittedwithanoverallassumptionofadata-as-boundaryparameterNodistinctionsweremadeforfacilitiesoramenitiesandhowthosemayhaveaffectedperformanceorbeenallocatedtothird-partyoperatorsAsanexamplelaundrydataweretreatedasreportedeventhoughsomeoperationswashedlaundryin-houseandothersoutsourcedSomehotelsincludedutilityusagefromthelaundryandothersdidnotDrawingaboundaryofonlyoperationalcontrolmayskewfootprintsdependingonhowlaundryishandledThisisespeciallyimportantconsideringtheubiquitouslinen-reuseprogramsnowinplaceToturnaroundandindicatethatafootprintdidnotincludelaundrydatabecauseitwasout-sourcedmayseemcounterintuitive(orevendisingenuous)tostakeholders
ThematterofhowtorecordlaundryimpactsprovideskeyinsighttotheimportanceofagreementregardinginclusionofdatafromamenitiesandfacilitiesSomearehandledbythehoteloperatorandsomeareoutsourcedandthestructureisneveruniformacrossallhotelsAswellmostoperationsdonothavesub-meteredutilitybillingandwillneedagreementonhowtoallocateordisaggregatedataasneededPerhapsthebestwaytoframethisboundaryissueistobearinmindthestakeholderperceptionofguestconsumption
Withregardtothefootprintofagueststayitseemsclearthatbasingperformanceindicatorsonaveragecon-sumptionisthepreferableapproachratherthanattempttoaccountforwhathotelfeaturestheguestdidordidnotuseInfactatthemomentitisimpracticaltoprovideguest-spe-cificdata(egwhethertheguestusedthepoolorturnedontheroomairconditioner)Thesub-meteringandmonitor-ingsystemsrequiredtoconfirmactualuseandconsumptionwouldbeatechnologicalfinancialandoperationalburdenMoreoverconsumption-basedaccountingwillcomplicatethecomparabilityofperformanceindicatorsamonghotelsbygueststayAsidefromincreasedcostinstallingsuchmonitoringdeviceswouldironicallyincreasethehotelrsquosenvironmentalfootprintduetomanufacturinginstallingmaintainingandusingthesystemsIdonotarguehereagainstsub-meteringincertainsituationsbuttrackingthedatafromeachgueststaydoesnotseemcost-effectiveorenvironmentallysoundforthebenefitprovided
Asecondreasonforapplyinganaverage-guest-stayfootprintliesintheunparallelstructureofamenitycon-sumptionandrateschargedGuestsfeelmorefreetouseamenitiesatahotelthatincludesthoseservicesindailyratessuchasacomplimentarybreakfastwi-fiorafitnesscenterOntheotherhandguestsaremorejudiciousinusingame-
nitieswhentheyarechargedinadditiontotheroomrate51Atstillotherpropertiesguestspayaresortfeeorsimilaramountinadditiontotheroomrateandthoseguestsarenotquotedanaacute la carterateforamenitieschosenLikewiseallthepublicareasFFampEandaestheticsareincludedinthevaluepropositionandcontributetothefootprintregardlessofwhethertheguestexpresslyappreciatestheseamenities
FinallythereductionsinfootprintsifguestsreducedtheirconsumptionatthemarginmaybenegligiblewhenoneconsiderstheenergyandwaterusedinpublicareasBeyondthatissuesmallchangesintheguest-stayfootprintmayalsodisappearwhenanentiretripisconsideredgiventhecomponentsthatmakeupthecarbonfootprintoftravelInthatlighteventheproportionrepresentedbylodgingisnegligibleincomparisontothetransportationAsshowninAppendixGemissionsfromflyingtothedestinationsofho-tellocationinthedatasetrangedfrom115kgCO2eto2555kgCO2eWhencomparingthemeancarbonfootprintoftheairemissionswiththemeanfootprintofhotelstaysperroomsold(assuminga3-nightstay)thehotelstayrepre-sented13percentofthecarbonfootprintThiswaswithoutaccountingforthefootprintofgroundtransportationoranyrelatedbusinesseventThereforeeveniftheguestandhotelcombinedtoreduceby15percenttheguestsrsquoconsumption-basedfootprintforthehotelstaythatwouldaccountforlessthana2-percentchangeinthetotaltravelfootprint
Itshouldbenotedthattheaboveargumentsareintendedforthediscussionofindustry-wideperformanceindicatordevelopmentandnotvaluecreationfortheguestCertainlyoptionsandpossibilitiesexisttoengagewithguestsuseinnovativetechnologyandcreatepricingstruc-turesthataddvaluetotheguestexperienceThosediscus-sionsarehoweveroutsidetheboundariesofstandardizingthecarbonfootprintcalculationofahotelstay
QuantificationThelodgingindustrywillneedtoagreeonseveralquanti-ficationparameterstoallowforuniformfootprintingandcomparabilityTheyarelistedbelowalongwiththedefini-tionsusedinthisstudybull Sourceorsiteenergyasbasevaluesforenergyand
carbon(siteenergywasused)
bull Emissionfactorsforfuelburningandfugitiveemissions(WRIemissionfactorswereusedderivedfromIPCCdata)
bull GWPyearsforfugitiveemissionssources(100-yearfac-torswereused)
51ChekitanSDevandGlennWithiamldquoFreshThinkingabouttheBoxrdquoCornellHospitalityRoundtableProceedingsVol3No6p10(CornellCenterforHospitalityResearch)quotingastudybyRebeccaHamiltononpredictedandactualuseofamenitiesinUShotels
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
28 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
bull Highorlowheatingvaluesoffuelburning(highvalueswereused)
bull Countryorsub-nationalemissionfactorsandhowtoaccountforCH4andN2Ouniformlyforelectricity(na-tionalemissionfactorswereusedandonlyCO2outsidetheUS)
bull EmissionfactorsforenergyandGHGemissionsfromsteamandchilledwater(USEPAemissionfactorswereusedbasedonEIAdata)
bull ConversionfactorsforstandardizingenergyunitstoBtuorkWh(factorsfromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministrationwereused)and
bull TheintegrationofRECsandoffsetsintocarbonper-formanceindicators(RECsweretobesubtractedfromenergypre-quantificationofcarbonoffsetsweretobesubtractedpost-quantificationinanetvalue)
ForGHGemissionsquantificationtheWRIstatesthatthemostspecificemissionfactorsavailableshouldbeused52Althoughregion-specificemissionfactorswouldcertainlyaddprecisiontothecarbonfootprintcalculationthosedataarenotreadilyavailableinmostcountriesThereforeaGHGinventoryforahotelchainwiththousandsofpropertiesindozensofcountrieswouldmostlikelywanttotaketheonlystandardizedapproachcurrentlyavailableofusingnational-levelemissionfactorsTheotherchoicewouldbetodisclosecountry-by-countrythespecificitylevelsandreferencescitedforemissionfactorsused
EvenintheUnitedStateswhereregionalemissionfac-torsareavailableanylarge-scalecomparisonamonghotelpropertieswouldbecomeunintelligibleandimpracticalgiventhelargeroleofelectricityinhotelenergyconsump-
52WorldResourceInstituteampWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(2004)TheGreenhouseGasProtocolACorporateAc-countingandReportingStandardGenevaEarthprintLimited
tionandthewidemixoffuelsourcesusedtogeneratethatpowerTheEPAeGRIDplatformprovidesemissionfactorsbyregionbasedonfuelmixesandthegridstructureAc-cordingtothe2010eGRIDsummarytablesahotelinDen-verwouldhaveaScope2carbonfootprintover3timesthatofahotelinLosAngelesforthesameelectricityconsump-tion(219835lbMWhinColoradovs68353lbMWhinCalifornia)53IftheeGRIDnationalaverageof130618lbMWhisusedastheemissionfactorinbothpropertiesrsquocal-culationhoweverthetwohotelsmaybecompared
MetricsAlthoughtheindustrycommonlyappliesaper-available-roomanalysisofitsrevenuesPARisprobablynotthemostusefulGHGmeasurefromtheguestrsquospointofviewbasedonacomparisonofthefourfootprintldquodenominatorsrdquoPARdoesnotreflectconsumptionincurredforaroom-nightaseffectivelyasothermetricsAlsoPARvaluesmaybeinverse-lycorrelatedwithoccupancybecausethePARperformancewouldimproveasoccupancyratesdecline
per room Sold (prS)
GiventheindustryrsquoscurrentwidespreaduseofSTRdefini-tionsofroomssoldthePRSmetricisfarmorepracticalandismorerepresentativeofindividualroomconsumptionanddoesnotfluctuateashighlywithoccupancyTherangeoftheutilityfluctuationshoweverwithinthescopeandbound-aryofthestudywouldneedanalyzingwithalargerdatasettoinvestigatethevalidityofthismeasure
per occupied room (por)
PORisthemeasurethatmostaccuratelyrepresentscon-sumptionperroombecauseitincludescomproomswhicharenotpartoftheSTRcalculationsofroomssoldComproomsdoofcoursegenerateutilityusageandGHGemis-
53CalculatedusingtheEPAeGRID2010SummaryTablesEnvironmen-talProtectionAgency(2010)Version10
Metricrelevance to
GuestCurrent
industry use
representative of room
Consumptionpractical Data
Gatheringincentivizes performance
per Available room Medium High Medium High Low
per room Sold High High High High High
per occupied room High Medium High Medium High
per Square FootMeter
Low High Medium High Medium
Exhibit 12
evaluation of potential sustainability performance metrics based on sample data set
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 29
sionsInthestudyrsquosresultscomproomsrepresentedanadditional7toroomssoldonaverageIfcomproomdataarenotreadilyavailablethenbenchmarkfactorsforcomproomscouldbeaddedtoPRS
per Square Foot (pSF) or per Square Meter (pSM)
ForoperationspurposesaPSFPSMmetricisthemostpracticalgiventheunchangingdenominatorofareaAnarea-basedmeasurementallowsforcomparabilityamongpropertieswithsimilaroccupanciesbecauseitwouldimme-diatelynormalizefordifferencesinpublicareasandoutletsAlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyaddressoccupancy-relatedcon-sumptionwithanappropriateadjustment(iemultiplyingbytheaverageareaperguestroomgrossornet)itwouldberelevantforstakeholdersaskingtoknowtheenvironmentalfootprintoftheirstay
Acomparisonofthefourpotentialsustainabilityperfor-mancemetricsisshowninExhibit12Theoreticallythemet-ricsmostrelevantforclientfootprintingwillrepresenttheclosestactualconsumptionandimpactsresultingfromthehotelstayAPRSorPORmetricisconsumption-basedatalargerlevelsinceitdividesthehotelrsquosconsumptionandim-pactsbythenumberofroomsutilizedbythehotelrsquosguestsUsefulthoughtheymaybePARandPSFvaluesdonotnecessaryreflectafootprintoftheguestThereforesomeele-mentsofguestconsumptionneedtobetakenintoaccountFromthisperspectivecomproomscouldbeconsideredasapartofthehotelrsquosgeneralfootprintfromBOHoperation
ThedifficultyinPRSmetricsisthattheyvarywidelybytheamountofpublicspaceandfacilitiesandamenitiesInthisinstancethedifferencesinhotelsizeandscalemaybebestcommunicatedinPSFPSMmetricsJustasinthecaseofguestsandroom-nightsmultiplemetricsmaybeusedandcommunicatedbutifallperformanceindicatorsweredisclosedcollectivelytheywouldcompromisethehotelrsquosoc-cupancydataSpecificallyifPARandPRSwerebothgiventhenastakeholdercoulddividethePARvaluebythePRSvalueandarriveatthehotelrsquosoccupancyGiventhecompeti-tivevalueofproperty-leveloccupancydataitisnotpracti-caltoprovidebothmetricstoexternalstakeholders
IntheendPSFPSMandper-roommetricsdonotcompromisethehotelrsquosdataBasedonthisreasonandthesamplesetresultsofdataavailabilityPSFandPRSmetricsappeartobebestforfootprintingandcomparingsustainabilityperformanceincarbonenergyandwaterfromhotelstaysFurtherresearchmayprovideahybridmetricofPSFandPRStoprovideincreasedcomparability
ComparabilityandBenchmarkingToensurecomparabilityoftheanalysisthefootprintdataneedtobefilteredthroughtwoattributesrevenueclasssuch
aschainscaleandnormalizationfactors(notablyweatherandoutletsorfacilities)
NormalizationBecauseclimateisacriticalinputtoenergyperformancethestudycollecteddataongeographicregionclimatezoneheatingdegreedaysandcoolingdegreedaysasaprecursortofutureweathernormalizationNormalizationbasedonclimatezoneandspecificallyHDDsandCDDsisneededtoallowmeaningfulcomparisonsnotonlyacrosshotelsbutforthesamehotelacrosstime
Thedata-as-boundaryspecificationpresentsalimita-tionintheexistenceandoperationofcertainoutletsInadditiontotheissueofanon-premiseslaundrywhetherthepropertyhasaspafitnesscenterorFampBoutletsallaffectitsperformanceResearchwilldeterminewhethertheserequirenormalizationAttheminimumanormalizationfactortobeaddedtothefootprintofhotelswhichoutsourcelaundrymaybeappropriateasfurtherresearchcoulddefineappro-priatebenchmarkvalues
ChainScaleBenchmarksSincewehaveeachpropertyrsquoschainscaleitispossiblethatissuesofamenitiesandpublicareascanbesmoothedbynormalizingorenablingcomparisonsamongsegmentsandaPSFproxymaythusbeunnecessaryInanyeventitmakeslittlesensetocomparealimitedservicehoteltoafull-serviceproperty
AfinalconsiderationforcomparabilityisthetypeofguestroomoccupiedbytheclientwhichwasnotincludedinthisstudyAsuiteordeluxeroommayhaveahigherfootprintthanastandardguestroomTheairtravelemis-sionscalculationfoundthatthefootprintofabusinessorfirstclassseatwasonaveragehigherthananeconomyseatbyafactorof22Furtherstudycoulddeterminewhetherthatisalsotruewithregardtotheadditionalconsumptionassociatedwithasuite
JustasthepremiseofEnergyStarratingsistoprovideanoverallperformanceratingbasedonabenchmarkingandratingsystemanoverallsustainabilityratingorindexofperformanceforhotelsisapotentialpathtowardcom-parabilityItisbeyondthecurrentframeworktodevelopacomprehensiveindexschemeasthecurrentindustryneedistostandardizetheparametersofperformanceindicatorsindividuallyFurtherresearchonbenchmarkingstakeholderrequestsandperformanceindicatordevelopmentwouldhelpadvanceabenchmarkindex
StakeholdersAswehaveseenfromthisstudysustainabilityperformancemeasurementinvolvesacomplexseriesofassumptionsandparametersToincreasetransparencytheseassumptionscanbeprovidedwhenperformanceindicatorsaregivento
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
30 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
stakeholdersThestakeholdercanthenevaluatetheindica-torsandassumptionsinmakingacomparisonamongpeerhotelsAsanexampleareferencesheetforthisstudywasincludedinAppendixE
ThisstudyrsquosquantificationmethodislimitedbecausethedatarepresentthefootprintoftheentirebuildingbutnotitscomponentservicesAsaresultthismethodologywouldnotprovideinformationforstakeholdergroupsthatrequestfootprintsofmeetingsandeventsThefootprintoftheroom-nightisonepartofaneventfootprintbuthowmeetingfootprintsarehandledwillalsoaffectroom-nightquantificationOnewaytodothisistocalculateaper-square-footor-meterfootprintandthenallocatethemeetingrsquosfootprintproportionatetotheareaofthefunc-tionspaceanddurationoftheeventUnfortunatelysimpli-fiedsquarefootage(meter)allocationsdonotnecessarilyrepresentproportionateconsumption(ieaballroomrepresenting10percentofahotelrsquosgrossfloorareadoesnotnecessarilyuse10percentofitsoverallenergyandwaterconsumption)Atthesametimeper-roommetricsarenotrepresentativeofmeetingfootprintsRegardlessofhowtheeventfootprintisquantifieditwouldresultindoublecount-ingofconsumptionandimpactswithintheperformanceindicatorsprovidedtotheclientifroom-nightfootprintsarequantifiedseparatelyfromfunctionspacefootprintsusingthesametotalenergyorwaterbalanceFootprintsformeet-ingsarestronglytiedtofootprintsofguestroomsforspecificstakeholderrequestsandwillneedfurtherresearchtobeuniformlypresentedinperformancemetrics
Withthisissueinmindpotentialsolutionsforgenerat-ingindustryagreementinuniformboundaryandquantifica-tionforfacilitiesandamenitiesare1 Furtherstudytodetermineproportionsandimpact
ofeachboundaryissuetooverallconsumptionandimpactsofthesustainabilityaspects
2 Analysisofconsumptionpercentagestodeterminetheirmaterialityinwhethertheyneedprecisemeasurementorcanhaveabenchmarkindustrypercentageallocatedtothem(iebychainscalesegmentandnormalizedforclimatezone)withoutgranularevent-specificdataor
3 Analysisoftheproximityofcurrentallocationstructuresinrentaloroperatingagreementstodeterminetheirapplicationinallocatingcorrespondingconsumption
ConclusionThisstudyrsquospurposewastoaddressthelodgingindustryrsquosneedtoanswerexternalstakeholderrequestsforstandard-izedsustainabilityperformanceindicatorsItstartedbypro-posingaconceptualframeworkfordevelopingperformance
indicatorsinsustainabilitymeasurementandthenofferedaprocessbywhichperformanceindicatorsaredefinedbypassingspecificaspectsofsustainabilitythroughdefiningcharacteristicsofboundaryquantificationandmetricswhileconsideringtheissuesofindustrycollaborationandpracticality
Thestudyappliedtheframeworktodeterminetheboundaryquantificationmethodsandmetricsforperfor-manceindicatorsofcarbonenergywaterandwastederivedfromhotelstaysrepresentingthemostcommonrequestbyexternalstakeholdersMetricsforthesefouraspectswereconclusivelystudiedwiththeresultofauniformrecommen-dationformeasurementincarbonenergyandwaterWastehoweverrequiresfurtherparameterspecificationbybothindustryandstakeholderstoproceedwithperformanceindicatordevelopmentbymeansoftheframeworkFortheremainingthreethemultitudeofboundaryandfacilityallo-cationissuesalsorequirefurtherparameterspecificationtoarriveatuniformperformanceindicatorsthatcanbeappliedindustry-wide
Inadditiontosatisfyingclientrequestsforfootprintsofhotelstaysthestudyrsquossetperformanceindicatorscouldbeincludedassupplementalsector-specificmeasurementsofintensityorproduct-levelfootprintsinsustainabilityreportsTheprevalenceofrequestsbystakeholdersforthistypeofinformationleadstotheconclusionthattheywouldpassamaterialitytestforbeingdeemedcoreperformanceindica-torsbyaworkinggroupLikewisetheperformanceindica-torshavespecificlinkagestocertificationsandframeworkspreviouslyreviewedinthebackgroundsectionAlinkagetableisincludedinAppendixF
FurtherworkisneededtoadvancetheframeworkandtheproposedperformanceindicatorsIndustrydiscussionandcollaborationisparamountinthisregardFurtherre-searchwithmorecomprehensivedatasetstestsofboundaryandquantificationissuesandstakeholderneedswillalsohelpadvanceboththeframeworkandthestandardizationofsustainabilityperformancemeasurementinhoteloperations
Onepotentialbarriertocollaborationisthatnearlyeverymajorhotelcompanyalreadyhasdevelopedinternalsystem-wideperformancemeasurementsoftwarewithoutpriorindustryagreementonboundariesquantificationanddatasetstobecommunicatedtoexternalstakeholdersSuchsystemsrepresentconsiderableinvestmentAtpres-entmanyarestillinaphaseofevolvingandgainingbuy-inbutthedelayingofcollaborativeagreementcouldresultinincreasedcostsshouldsystemsneedtobemodifiedaccord-ingtoacommonstandardInthelongrunhoweverthecostofharmonizingdatareportingfrominternalsystemswouldbelowerthantheinstanceofacontinuedfee(andanalyticalleverage)paidtothirdpartiesforexternalnormalizationn
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 31
AppEndix A
performance disclosed and metrics used in hotel Gri reports through 2009
METRICS BREAKDOWN
Accor hK-Shanghai ihG Jumeirah
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh Gj kWh kWh (elec only)
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room
MJ per m2 kWh Per Available Room
Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 m3 m3
Water intensity Per Occupied Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Tons Per Hotel Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Approximate Metric Tons
Not Reported
GhG emissions intensity
Not Reported Not Reported kg Per Room Night Not Reported
boundaries As available from reporting properties (owned managed leased and franchised)
Headquarters + Operational Control + Some External Employees
Managed and Franchised properties
Dubai-based managed properties and those of influence
Marriott nh rezidor Sol Meliaacute Taj
Total energy (en3 andor en4)
MWh MWh Not Reported Gj Gj
energy intensity kWh Per Available Room kWh Per Guest Night kWh per m2 Not Reported Not Reported
Total Water (en8) Mm3 m3 Not Reported m3 m3
Water intensity Per Available Room Mm3
L Per Guest Night L Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
Total Waste (en22)
Tons kg Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported
Waste intensity Not Reported kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Tons or kg per Hotel
Not Reported
Total GhG emissions (en16)
Metric Tons Metric Tons Metric Tons kg Metric Tons
GhG emissions intensity
Lb Per Available Room kg Per Guest Night kg Per Guest Night Not Reported Not Reported
boundaries EnergyWaterGHG Global Managed Waste US Managed
As available (sometimes partial) among owned leased and managed
Managed and Leased Properties (that reported)
Not Specified Cites brands that are included
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
32 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
Factor CountryEmission
FactorAlbania 00324402 Cuba 10194389 Israel 0773651 Nicaragua 05497637 Togo 04586697Algeria 06881182 Cyprus 07582802 Italy 0403512 Nigeria 03861378 Trinidad and Tobago 07243096Angola 00982004 Czech Republic 0526629 Jamaica 08297551 Norway 0006867 Tunisia 05458586Argentina 03033696 Denmark 0341339 Japan 0418346 Oman 08561127 Turkey 0438222Armenia 01382909 Dominican Republic 06238551 Jordan 06018739 Pakistan 04128082 Turkmenistan 07951304Australia 0920527 Ecuador 03957349 Kazakhstan 05200265 Panama 02288439 Ukraine 03443288Austria 0214471 Egypt 04698084 Kenya 03174905 Paraguay 0 United Arab Emirates 08199856Azerbaijan 04734752 El Salvador 02167277 North Korea 05331955 Peru 01723235 United Kingdom 0504733Bahrain 08248637 Eritrea 0690342 South Korea 0464337 Philippines 04350061 United States 055866Bangladesh 05843308 Estonia 06401581 Kuwait 06429168 Poland 065865 Uruguay 02963499Belarus 02963771 Ethiopia 0002914 Kyrgyzstan 0079161 Portugal 0416424 Uzbekistan 044636Belgium 0260036 Finland 0241592 Latvia 01673881 Qatar 06257141 Venezuela 02084422Benin 06962126 France 0084953 Lebanon 06946497 Romania 0428605 Vietnam 03963138Bolivia 05049688 Gabon 03466605 Libya 08788286 Russia 03285654 Yemen 08230311Bosnia and Herzegovina 0801958 Georgia 01449678 Lithuania 0139482 Saudi Arabia 07553734 Zambia 00067574Botswana 18514539 Germany 0403629 Luxembourg 0326047 Senegal 07258949 Zimbabwe 05727689Brazil 00814376 Ghana 02756985 Macedonia 06189059 Serbia 07155911 Other Africa 04886113Brunei Darussalam 08210049 Gibraltar 07304305 Malaysia 06553582 Singapore 05360586 Other Latin America 05089928Bulgaria 04479618 Greece 0724964 Malta 08340854 Slovak Republic 0223412 Other Asia 03078166Cambodia 10049344 Guatemala 03344147 Mexico 0541285 Slovenia 03317589Cameroon 00425357 Haiti 03051825 Moldova 0475568 South Africa 08689996Canada 0184179 Honduras 04132526 Mongolia 052331 Spain 0349794Chile 02942425 Hong Kong China 08546126 Morocco 07079012 Sri Lanka 03137244China (including Hong Kong) 07883087 Hungary 0343927 Mozambique 00010178 Sudan 06139183Colombia 01496172 Iceland 0000542 Myanmar 03382211 Sweden 0047966Congo 01023289 India 09440385 Namibia 00756469 Switzerland 0025723Democratic Republic of Congo 00027816 Indonesia 06767253 Nepal 00037996 Syria 06043992Costa Rica 00473985 Iran 05143547 Netherlands 0394315 Tajikistan 00280183Cocircte dIvoire 04362172 Iraq 07009096 Netherlands Antilles 07170685 Tanzania 03155122Croatia 0318398 Ireland 0535333 New Zealand 03091 Thailand 05109283
EMISSION FACTORS OF KG CO2E PER kWh OF ELECTRICITY GENERATRED PER COUNTRY
AppEndix b
emission factors of kg Co2 per kWh of electricity generated per country
Source World Resources Institute (2009) GHG Protocol tool for stationary combustion Version 41
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 33
AppEndix C
GWp of common refrigerants
Adapted from World Resources Institute Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing Installation Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration amp Air-conditioning Equipment (Version 10) Guide to calculation worksheets (January 2005)
Gas or blend GWp Source Gas or blend GWp Source
CO2 1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410A 1725 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-23 11700 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-410B 1833 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-32 650 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411A 15 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-125 2800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-411B 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-134a 1300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-412A 350 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-143a 3800 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-413A 1774 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-152a 140 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
HFC-236fa 6300 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995)
R-414B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401A 18 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415A 25 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401B 15 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-415B 105 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-401C 21 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-416A 767 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402A 1680 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-417A 1955 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-402B 1064 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-418A 4 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403A 1400 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-419A 2403 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-403B 2730 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-420A 1144 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-404A 3260 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-500 37 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-406A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-501 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407A 1770 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-502 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407B 2285 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-503 4692 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407C 1526 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-504 313 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407D 1428 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-505 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-407E 1363 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-506 0 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-408A 1944 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-507(A) 3300 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409A 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508A 10175 ASHRAE Standard 34
R-409B 0 ASHRAE Standard 34 R-508B 10350 ASHRAE Standard 34
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
34 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix d
results from data set
profile Data Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Guestrooms 20 394 56 1354 343 Gross floor area (Ft2) 20 378418 18899 1500000 381740 Ft2 total function space
6 65212 1236 206154 90802
Ft2 per guestroom 8 601 254 969 250 heating Degree Days 20 2053 24 4352 1670 Cooling Degree Days 20 3142 864 6254 2185 rooms Available 20 143908 20440 495040 125113 rooms Sold 18 97024 12605 340392 78227 occupied rooms 8 111948 30017 344948 112716 Comp increment 8 07 02 15 05
performance Metrics
Data Set Mean Min Max Standard Deviation
Total energy (kWh) 18 10592546 353644 37650364 10801452 Total energy pAr 17 64 17 131 31 Total energy por 8 85 39 176 42 Total energy prS 15 91 28 178 44 Total energy pSF 17 33 18 97 18 Total Water (M3) 17 97120 3672 353694 94975 Water lpAr 17 565 52 1117 333 Water lpor 8 722 435 1653 397 Water lprS 15 846 351 1673 468 Water l pSF 17 254 31 600 131 Total Waste (Tons) 11 665 42 3019 888 Total Waste kgpAr 11 49 07 262 74 Total Waste kgpor 4 26 14 46 14 Total Waste kgprS 9 64 14 333 102 Total Waste kg pSF 11 25 04 139 40 Total Direct GhG (Scope 1)
16 93810 3538 287904 1006
Fugitive of Scope 1 10 0022 0000 0140 0044Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
17 4919 130 16067 5270
Total GhG kgpAr 17 28 6 77 18 Total GhG kgpor 8 35 17 75 18 Total GhG kgprS 15 39 10 102 25 Total GhG kg pSF 17 14 7 36 8
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 35
AppEndix d
results from data set (continued)
Mean values by STr Segment
performance Metrics
economy Midscale upper Midscale upscale upper upscale luxury
Total energy (kWh) 353644 1502179 13134263 7604673 21271643 19219543Total energy pAr 17 29 55 73 64 89Total energy por NA 49 NA 66 92 132Total energy prS NA 49 66 102 93 128Total energy pSF NA 18 38 41 27 32Total Water (M3) NA 16887 105743 72609 126709 190498Water lpAr 114 335 418 592 355 882Water lpor NA 545 NA 664 511 1169Water lprS NA 547 455 910 516 1247Water l pSF NA 214 247 271 145 312Total Waste (Tons) NA 42 419 756 948 NATotal Waste kgpAr 13 07 21 73 25 NATotal Waste kgpor NA 14 NA 20 36 NATotal Waste kgprS NA 14 33 92 36 NATotal Waste kg pSF 15 04 65 38 10 NATotal Direct GhG (Scope 1)
35 96 966 649 1983 1511
Fugitive of Scope 1 00214 00200 00214 NA NA 00046Total GhG emissions (Scope 1 amp 2)
130 675 5477 4503 8150 7788
Total GhG kgpAr 6 13 21 34 24 36Total GhG kgpor NA 22 NA 26 35 59Total GhG kgprS 10 22 22 47 35 53Total GhG kg pSF 7 8 12 18 10 13
hotel locations USA 11 properties United Arab Emirates 4 properties UK 2 properties China 2 properties and Netherlands 1 property energy Source Natural Gas 16 hotels Electricity 15 hotels and Propane LPG Fuel Oil and Steam 1 property each
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
36 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
AppEndix E
Sample hotel property reference sheet for external stakeholders
performance Metrics [to be filled in per hotel]Gross Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgGross Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint prS [value]kgnet Carbon Footprint pSF [value]kgTotal energy prS [value]kWhTotal energy pSF [value]kWhWater prS [value]LWater pSF [value]L
Attributes [to be filled in per hotel] Guestrooms []STr Segment [list chain scale segment]hDDs []CDDs []Function Space [list Square Footage]
[IncludedNot Included]laundry Wash [IncludedNot Included]restaurant[s] [IncludedNot Included]Swimming pool [IncludedNot Included]Spa [IncludedNot Included]Fitness Center [IncludedNot Included]retail outlets [IncludedNot Included]business Center [IncludedNot Included]
boundaries
Data parameters included not includedData-as-boundary All operated facilitiesrsquo
utility consumptionConstructionRenovation
2010 calendar year All meeting space Outsourced operationsFacility-level Fuels Burned (stationary
and mobile)Treatment of wastewater
Self-reported Fugitive Emissions Water purificationno weather normalization
Purchased Electricity Offsite IT servers
no chain scale normalization
Purchased Steam Employee commutestravel
RECs Corporate or regional offices
Carbon Offsets Life cycles of materials and supplies
Upstream or downstream impacts
Guest travel or consumption offsite
Quantification Methods
Source emission Factor observationrefrigerants WRI HFC and PFC
Emissions Version 10100-year GWP cycle
natural Gas WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
propane EPA Emissions from Stationary Combustion
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
lpG WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
Fuel oil WRI 40 Stationary Combustion
HHV Global Factor Site Energy
electricity WRI 41 Stationary Combustion EPA eGRID (USA)
HHV Country Factor Site Energy
Steam EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
Chilled Water EIA (USA) Country Factor Site Energy
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 37
Performance Indicator (Total PRS or PSFPSM) Description
linkages
Gri 31 CDp 2011iSo
26000 GSTC Green Key
Green Seal GS-33 5th
ed
leeD eb
oampMAhlA Green Guidelines
GhGaScope 1 GHG
emissionsEN16 82 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGbScope 2 GHG
emissionsEN16 83 134 6752
6552 D21 Engineering amp
Maintenance 2 EA
Credit 6
GhGcGross carbon
footprintEN16 112
134 SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
EA Credit
6
GhGd Net carbon footprint
EN16 EN18
142a SM4
6752 6552
D21 Engineering amp Maintenance 2
384
enerGyaDirect energy
usageEN3 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGybIndirect
energy usageEN4 122 6532
6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
enerGycTotal energy
usage6532 6542 6752
D13 Engineering amp Maintenance 1
60
EA Credit
32 33
Guideline 2
WATercTotal water
usageEN8 92
(Water)6532 6542 6752
D14 387 WE Credit
1
Guideline 2
AppEndix F
Direct and indirect linkages to indicators developed through the measurement framework
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
38 TheCenterforHospitalityResearchbullCornellUniversity
Orlando San Francisco Dallas Boston Phoenix San Diego Amsterdam Chicago Dubai London Shanghai New York Las VegasOrlando 4876 1928 2242 3686 4576 9054 2008 15964 8682 16604 1868 4066 San Francisco 627 2956 5392 1298 894 10910 3682 16168 10702 12266 5156 824 Dallas 326 394 3102 1764 2366 9806 1602 16370 9466 15222 2758 2140 Boston 356 694 391 4590 5160 6888 1728 13332 6508 17658 374 4748 Phoenix 397 213 296 594 604 11588 2876 18326 10512 13564 4296 510 San Diego 720 176 410 666 126 11648 3438 18928 11758 13160 4876 516 Amsterdam 1168 1280 936 771 1433 1397 8210 6416 460 11064 7262 11788 Chicago 293 466 237 247 390 422 975 15272 7878 14074 1474 3022 Dubai 2163 1640 1687 1365 2422 2555 615 2096 6824 8010 13660 17112 London 967 1028 1099 776 1472 1257 120 870 589 11474 6882 11366 Shanghai 2085 1410 1804 2104 1623 1586 1671 1748 783 1112 14746 13090 New York 259 638 397 115 456 579 858 246 1253 678 1735 4484 Las Vegas 650 167 309 611 149 155 1452 392 1924 1211 1577 533
ROU
NDTRIP AIR DISTAN
CES (miles)
ROU
NDT
RIP
GHG
EM
ISSI
ON
S (k
g)AppEndix G
Sample of GhG emissions from air travel between selected cities
Notes Calculated using TRX Air Emissions Calculator httpcarbontrxcom
Assumptions bull Best performing airline used in each instance bull Economy class seating bull Statute miles bull Direct flights where routing available comparable two-segment flight routes where direct flights not available bull Radiative forcing included (factor of 27)
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
CornellHospitalityReportbullJuly2011bullwwwchrcornelledu 39
The Executive Path Hospitality Leadership Through Learning
Complete program information and applications available online
wwwhotelschoolcornelleduexecedPhone + 1 607 255 4919 Email exec_ed_hotelcornelledu
Professionals from around the world are invited to attend 3-day 10-day or online courses at the worldrsquos leading institute for hospitality management education in
Visit our website to apply
Explore develop and apply ideas with global hospitality leaders and
expert Cornell professors
Success
AdvancingBusiness
andPersonal
bull Strategic Leadershipbull Financebull Foodservicebull Human Resources
bull Marketingbull Operationsbull Real Estate
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
Cornell Hospitality Quarterlyhttpcqxsagepubcom
2011 ReportsVol11No11CustomerLoyaltyANewLookattheBenefitsofImprovingSegmentationEffortswithRewardsProgramsbyClayVoorheesPhDMichaelMcCallPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol11No10CustomerPerceptionsofElectronicFoodOrderingbySherylEKimes
Vol11No92011TravelIndustryBenchmarkingStatusofSeniorDestinationandLodgingMarketingExecutivesbyRohitVermaPhDandKenMcGill
Vol11No8SearchOTAsandOnlineBookingAnExpandedAnalysisoftheBillboardEffectbyChrisAndersonPhD
Vol11No7OnlineMobileandTextFoodOrderingintheUSRestaurantIndustrybySherylEKimesPhDandPhilippFLaqueacute
Vol11No6HotelGuestsrsquoReactionstoGuestRoomSustainabilityInitiativesbyAlexSusskindPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol11No5TheImpactofTerrorismandEconomicShocksonUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzRenaacutetaKosovaacuteandMarkLomannoVol11No4ImplementingHumanResourceInnovationsThreeSuccessStoriesfromtheServiceIndustrybyJustinSunandKateWalshPhD
Vol11No3Compendium2011
Vol11No2PositioningaPlaceDevelopingaCompellingDestinationBrandbyRobertJKwortnikPhDandEthanHawkesMBA
Vol11No1TheImpactofHealthInsuranceonEmployeeJobAnxietyWithdrawalBehaviorsandTaskPerformance`bySeanWayPhDBillCarrollPhDAlexSusskindPhDandJoeCYLeng
2011 Hospitality ToolsVol2No1TheGameHasChangedANewParadigmforStakeholderEngagementbyMaryBethMcEuen
2011 Industry PerspectivesNo7MegaTips2TwentyTestedTechniquesforIncreasingYourTipsbyMichaelLynn
2011 ProceedingsVol3No7ImprovingtheGuestExperiencethroughServiceInnovationIdeasandPrinciplesfortheHospitalityIndustrybyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol3No6HospitalityBrandManagementRoundtableFreshThinkingabouttheBoxbyChekitanSDevandGlennWithiam
Vol3No5BuildingBrandsintheInternetAgeAnalyticsLoyaltyandCommunicationbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No4BraveNewWorldOnlineHotelDistributionbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No3SocialMediaandtheHospitalityIndustryHoldingtheTigerbytheTailbyGlennWithiam
Vol3No2TheChallengeofHotelandRestaurantSustainabilityFindingProfitinldquoBeingGreenrdquobyGlennWithiam
Vol3No1CautiousOptimismCHRSExaminesHospitalityIndustryTrendsbyGlennWithiam
2010 ReportsVol10No18HowTravelersUseOnlineandSocialMediaChannelstoMakeHotel-choiceDecisionsbyLauraMcCarthyDebraStockandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No17PublicorPrivateTheHospitalityInvestmentDecisionbyQingzhongMaPhDandAthenaWeiZhangPhD
Vol10No16BestPracticesinSearchEngineMarketingandOptimizationTheCaseoftheStJamesHotelbyGregBodenlcosVictorBogertDanGordonCarterHearneandChrisKAndersonPhDVol10No15TheImpactofPrix Fixe MenuPriceFormatsonGuestsrsquoDealPerceptionbyShuoWangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol10No14TheFutureofHotelRevenueManagementbySherylKimesPhD
Vol10No13MakingtheMostofPricelinersquosName-Your-Own-PriceChannelbyChrisAndersonPhDandRadiumYanDBA
Vol10No12CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet4byCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Publication Indexwwwchrcornelledu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
Vol10No11WhorsquosNextAnAnalysisofLodgingIndustryAcquisitionsbyQingzhongMaPhDandPengLiuPhD
Vol10No10CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet3CayugaSustainableHospitalityChicampBasicJetBlueAirlinesJumeirahEssexHouseTheRitz-CarltonHotelCompanyRuntrizTheSeaportHotelThayerLodgingTripTelevisionandXsenseExperientialDesignConsultingbyCathyAEnzPhDRohitVermaPhDKateWalshPhDSherylEKimesPhDandJudyASiguawDBA
Vol10No9BuildingCustomerLoyaltyTenPrinciplesforDesigninganEffectiveCustomerRewardProgrambyMichaelMcCallPhDClayVoorheesPhDandRogerCalantonePhD
Vol10No8DevelopingMeasuresforEnvironmentalSustainabilityinHotelsAnExploratoryStudybyJieJZhangNitinJoglekarPhDandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No7SuccessfulTacticsforSurvivinganEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No6IntegratingSelf-serviceKiosksinaCustomer-serviceSystembyTsz-Wai(Iris)LuiPhDandGabrielePiccoliPhD
Vol10No5StrategicPricinginEuropeanHotels2006ndash2009byCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Vol10No4CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet2BrewerkzComfortDelgroTaxiDinnerBrokercomIggyrsquosJumboSeafoodOpenTablecomPriceYourMealcomSakaeSushiShangri-LaSingaporeandStevensPassbySherylEKimesPhDCathyAEnzPhDJudyASiguawDBARohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol10No3CustomerPreferencesforRestaurantBrandsCuisineandFoodCourtConfigurationsinShoppingCentersbyWayneJTaylorandRohitVermaPhD
Vol10No2HowHotelGuestsPerceivetheFairnessofDifferentialRoomPricingbyWayneJTaylorandSherylEKimesPhD
Vol10No1Compendium2010
2010 Roundtable RetrospectivesVol2No1SustainabilityRoundtable2009TheHotelIndustrySeekstheElusiveldquoGreenBulletrdquo
2010 Industry PerspectivesNo6TheFutureofMeetingsTheCaseforFace-to-FacebyChristineDuffyandMaryBethMcEuen
No5MakingCustomerSatisfactionPayConnectingSurveyDatatoFinancialOutcomesintheHotelIndustrybyGinaPingitorePhDDanSeldinPhDandArianneWalkerPhD
No4HospitalityBusinessModelsConfronttheFutureofMeetingsbyHowardLockandJamesMacaulay
2009 ReportsVol9No18HospitalityManagersandCommunicationTechnologiesChallengesandSolutionsbyJudiBrownellPhDandAmyNewman
Vol9No17CasesinInnovativePracticesinHospitalityandRelatedServicesSet1AquabyGrandstandBrandKarmaCapellaHotelsampResortsEnTripHotelscomVisualiserLuggageClubRoyalPlazaonScottsTastingsTuneHotelsandVisitBritaincombyJudyASiguawDBACathyAEnzPhDSherylEKimesPhDRohitVermaPhDandKateWalshPhD
Vol9No16TheBillboardEffectOnlineTravelAgentImpactonNon-OTAReservationVolumebyChrisKAndersonPhD
Vol9No15OperationalHedgingandExchangeRateRiskACross-sectionalExaminationofCanadarsquosHotelIndustrybyCharlesChangPhDandLiyaMaVol9No14ProductTiersandADRClustersIntegratingTwoMethodsforDeterminingHotelCompetitiveSetsbyJin-YoungKimandLindaCaninaPhD
Vol9No13SafetyandSecurityinUSHotelsbyCathyAEnzPhD
Vol9No12HotelRevenueManagementinanEconomicDownturnResultsofanInternationalStudybySherylEKimesPhD
Vol9No11Wine-listCharacteristicsAssociatedwithGreaterWineSalesbySybilSYangandMichaelLynnPhD
Vol9No10CompetitiveHotelPricinginUncertainTimesbyCathyAEnzPhDLindaCaninaPhDandMarkLomanno
Cornell Center for Hospitality ResearchPublication Index
wwwchrcornell edu
wwwchrcornell edu