Post on 18-Oct-2020
Demand Side Planning: Citizens as Protagonists in Metropolitan Planning and
Governance
I. FRAMING THE ISSUE
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Impact Analysis of Citizen Engagement and Development Outcomes
Analysis of recent literature reveals:
• Mixed evidence of impact of citizen engagement on high level development goals such as poverty reduction
• Evidence that citizen engagement can improve outcomes in areas such as:
Improved service delivery (strong)
Better public financial management (solid)
Ensuring good governance and anti-corruption (mixed)
Social inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable groups (mixed)
Environmental protection and natural resource management (mixed)
• Understanding context factors both on the supply (government) and demand (citizen) side is critical to designing citizen engagement for improved results [enabling environment, stakeholder analysis, political economy analysis]
3 Source: OPCS +
The Link to Development Results Examples: Civil Society led Participatory Budgeting in Brazil
• Impact analysis* of Participatory Budget in Brazil showed:
– Index of progress in poverty reduction for the indigent was increased by 73 percentage points in municipalities implementing Participatory Budgeting
– Progress towards universal access to municipal water increased by 33 percentage points in municipalities implementing Participatory Budgeting.
*Alsop et al, World Bank: Data from 5,507 Brazilian municipalities comparing those that adopted PB with those that did not, and controlling for conditions, selection bias and heterogeneity
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Government National Unions Endusers
Residential Consumers
National Government Trades Union Congress
Non-Residential Consumers
Ministry of Finance Civil Servants Association
SLT Customers
Ministry of Energy Ghana Bar Association
VALCO
NDPC Interest Groups
Irrigation Farmers
Ghana Water Co. Ltd. Association of Ghana Industries
Civil Society Organisation
Ghana Chamber of Mines
Utilities Consumers Association of Ghana
Political Parties
VRA/NED Ghana National Association of Consumers
New Patriotic Party
ECG ISODEC
National Democratic Congress
TICO Energy Foundation
Convention Peoples Party
Regulators Media
Peoples National Convention
PURC Development Partners
Others
Energy Commission World Bank
IMF
DfID
DANIDA
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Stakeholder Analysis
Effects of Tariff Reforms
Neutral Harm/OpposeBenefit/Support
Infl
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3132
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Close to Elections
Effects of Tariff Reforms
Neutral Harm/OpposeBenefit/Support
Infl
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3132
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For Initiative to Move Forward
Organized, Influential and Opposed
Effects of Tariff Reforms
Neutral Harm/OpposeBenefit/Support
Infl
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For Poverty Impact
Not Organized, Not Influential and Harmed For Example: - Renters in housing to be appropriated who may be pushed to peri-urban areas
Effects of Tariff Reforms
Neutral Harm/OpposeBenefit/Support
Infl
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To Establish Broad Support
Not Organized, Not Influential But will Benefit - Often the target of ICT enabled direct citizen interaction systems
Citizen’s Role in the Metropolitan Space: Reflecting Back
• Partners in creating enabling environment – Advocacy [i.e. for public investments in large trans boundary projects] by CSOS – New
York RPA Tunnels
• If engaged early on, potential to create more equitable spatial planning – Metropolitan perspective makes some less visible stakeholders visible in the process [for
example exiles to the peri-urban areas] but others said special [non-poor] interests dominated stakeholder “citizen” role…
• Protagonists in Design and Planning Urban Space [Rio, Kisumu, Sao Paulo..] – Who has access to planning data? How understandable ? Tested perception? [Info
Graphics] – And key potential blocking point [land use, “NIMBY”, resettlement, political opposition
to changing footprint, “bring public in early on for PPP”]
• Primary Actor – Behavior – Traffic, environmental issues, housing – Participatory, crowd-sourced monitoring [Rio and WAZ]
• Client Responsive Service Delivery – Authorizing Environment for Sustainability [fees/tariffs for metro, BRT. Ex Karachi Metro.]
Methods of Engagement & Common Challenges
• Cascading “up” committees, consultations – Quality Varies – Representativity – who is considered a stakeholder? – Challenge in aggregating interests – Capture [political parties, special interests/developers, individual CSOs]
• Proxy organizations – civil society – Depends on support base for CSOs and alignment (or not) of interests – Coalition building
• Direct Engagement [i.e. voting, ICT enabled interaction] - Time, money and scope for in-depth two way engagement on complex issues
• Strategies:
– Better, more interactive and early public information & Info Graphics [Rio, RPA] – Combining individual engagement via technology with in-person representative engagement
[Rio Grande do Sul, van goes to poorer areas with wiki surveys on policy options] – Representative consultations [NYC]
EXAMPLES
Peru Bus Rapid Transit Lima
- Mayor with 85% approval - Project Manager makes the
case that urban transport, mega project is different, is “disruptive”
- Works with bus rapid transit authority, Metropolitano, to engage in neighborhood level two-way consultations to reduce risk
- Set up independent feedback site
- Levels of disaggregation matter in soliciting feedback
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Risk Mitigation & Grievance Redress
The Internet 1965 Connections 2011
• Boston: Incremental Engagement
– Chief of Staff to Mayor Menino: “311” focused on generating trust on simple things – potholes – to create a trust for more difficult engagement on resettlement on the “big dig”
Using 311 Based Platforms Beyond the Municipal Boundary
© 2013 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.
Systematizing citizen information
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© 2013 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.
Voz Eléctrica [Electricity Voice]
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© 2013 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.
Voz Eléctrica [Electricity Voice]
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© 2013 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.
Available channels
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© 2013 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.
Corruption map
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Service Quality map
Citizen Generated Data on Electricity Outages = Equity of Service Levels by Area and Why
19 Copyright © WORLDBANK LAC derechos reservados
© 2013 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.
Electricity circuits
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Los Girasoles: Pendiente por Rehabilitar Los Minas Sur: Rehabilitado
Twitter Accounts with Most Activities
32 Copyright © WORLDBANK LAC derechos reservados
@edenorte @CDEEE_RD @VozElectrica @EdesurRD @EdeesteRD
@CDEEE_RD
Most Influential Actors in Twitter Social Media on Energy in the Dominican Republic
33 Copyright © WORLDBANK LAC derechos reservados
TRANSPORT Uruguay
Uruguay Context
• 74% of Uruguayans used the internet in 2014 on a regular basis (=2.4 million people)
• 60% connected to internet via mobile phone
• 1.9 million Facebook users
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The Platform
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Systematic Citizen Engagement System in Roads + Transport
• Uptake by Centro de Atencion Ciudadano
• Link to Ministry MIS system so responses are automatically tracked
• Training on Platform
• Real time analysis
• “Crowd Source” complaints
• Tracks response
• Public
• Benchmarking
• Working group formed within MTOP
• Distinct Practices in Departments
• Definition of “client” and “norms”
• Protocol
• Analysis of Existing Formal, Informal Practices by Dept
• Complaints- response
• Institutional culture
• Jurisdiction mapping
• Baseline Diagnostic
Shifting Institutional
Culture
Linking to Systems + Evaluation
Leveraging Technology
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Status and Category Available to Public in Real Time
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Crowd Sourcing of Feedback
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Status of Response
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• http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/294154/habilitan-control-social-sobre-rutas-y-buses-a-cargo-del-mtop/
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THANK YOU!
CATEGORIES
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CATEGORIES
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CWhat is Citizen Engagement (CE) and where do we need it?
Enabling Environment
Policy and Planning
Budgets/
Expenditures
Services/Public Goods
Access to Information Laws Laws governing CSOs,
Information Audit
CSO Councils, Observatories, Citizen comment on sector
reform, etc..
Participatory budgeting Procurement monitoring Social audit public works
Scorecards, ICT Enabled Grievance mechanisms, citizen report cards, etc.
…
Citizens engage across a broad spectrum
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LCR Growth in Internet, Social Media
9%
33%
26%
13%
19%
Facebook Users in LCR (2012) 168 million, most under 34
16 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 Other
• Growth in parallel conversation
Purposes of Citizen Engagement
1. Risk Mitigation, Grievance
3. Collaborative Problem Solving
2. Democratizing Monitoring
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4. ICT Transformati
on
Scale
Systematic Citizen Engagement System in Roads + Transport
Diagnostic Shifting
Institutional Culture
Linking to Systems + Evaluation
Leveraging Technology
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wbg target on beneficiary feedback
Incorporating “Beneficiary Feedback in 100% of projects that have clearly identifiable beneficiaries”
Incorporating Citizen Engagement in all FY 15 PAD and ISR by FY18
http://pdu.worldbank.org/sites/pdu2/en/about/PDU
Operations Policy and Country Services 48
LCR Growth in Internet, Social Media
9%
33%
26%
13%
19%
Facebook Users in LCR (2012) 168 million, most under 34
16 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 Other
• Growth in parallel conversation
Yet Trust in Government Has Not Increased
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2004 2008 2012
Trust in National Government (LAPOP) (% population scoring 5 or higher on a 1 to 7 scale of trust)
Colombia
Mexico
Brazil
Guatemala
Peru
Construction of the first metro line in the Andean mountain range, in a densely populated, urban area with UNESCO world heritage status Soc. & Env. Risk
New municipal company that wanted to breed acceptance and citizen ownership through participation Participa! http://participa.metrodequito.gob.ec/
Objectives:
ICT GRM in Transportation - Quito Metro
Front end
ICT-enabled GRM platform – Honduras Water Sector
http://honduras.akora.com.mx/
Stakeholders:
• national water and sanitation regulator (ERSAPS)
• the Finance Secretariat (our counterpart in an ongoing water decentralization project under implementation since 2007, known as PROMOSAS)
• service providers
• 9 municipal governments
• civil society from eleven municipalities from across the country