Post on 07-Apr-2018
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Peatland Forest Degradation and
Emissions in South East Asia
Faizal Parish
Global Environment Centre
Marcel Silvius, Wetlands International
Forest Day
6th December, Poznan, Poland
Integrated Management of Peatlands for Biodiversity and Climate Change
Integrated Management of Peatlands for Biodiversity and Climate Change
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Presentation
Peatlands in Se asia – characteristics and values
Peatland degradation and carbon emissions
Significance of peat emissions Regional policy framework and action (ASEAN
Peatland Management Initiative and Strategy
(APMS) Next steps
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Peatlands in Se Asia are naturally forested
Borneo
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Peatlands are wetlands where :
a) waterlogging delays decay ;
b) dead plants form peat
Colchis,Georgia
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Lesotho
Peat accumulates for thousands of yearsstoring concentrated Carbon in thick layers
peat from2 m deep
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Peatlands globally are the most important carbon(C) stocks of all terrestrial ecosystems and store
Kyrgystan
Peatlands and carbon
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All Coal and lignite and part of the “mineral” oil
and natural gas originated from peat deposits ofprevious geological periods.
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Peatlands cover 25 million ha in Se Asia
This represents about 25% of the forest area
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Peat accumulates in thick layersover thousands of years under the forest canopy
Distance
Thickness
Mineral Soil
Organic matter
River River
< 1m < 1m> 3m
Peat layer up to 20 m thick
Source Nyoman Suriadiputra, Wetlands International Indonesia
Peatland Forests store up to 3000 tonnes/ha
compared to 250tC/ha for other tropical forests
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Importance of peatland forest carbon
stocks
Peatland forest carbon stocks in Se Asia aremore than 60 billion tonnes of Carbon or c 200billion tonnes of Carbon dioxide
Non-peatland forests in Se Asia approx 20-25billion tonnes of carbon.
Peatland forests store up to 20 times morecarbon per ha com
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Peatlands provide water and prevent floods
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Peatland Biodiversity has high value
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People in Peat swamp Forest in PahangPeatlands Feed communities
Fishing, Pahang, MalaysiaSource: UNDP-GEF PSF Pro ect
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Peatlands support communities
Jelutong - Chewing Gum tree, Indonesia
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Peatland drainage and fires are currently thelargest single source of carbon released to theatmosphere from the land use sector.
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Drained peat releases carbon
• Drainage to 1 meter = emission of 90 ton CO2/ha/yr intropics - 30 ton CO2/ha/yr in temperate region
• SE Asia: Agriculture & agro-forestry on 12 million hacontributes around 600 MtCO2/yr (drainage only)
Relation between CO2 emission and watertable depth
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
average watertable depth (m)
C O 2 e m i s s i o n ( t / h a / y r ) Tropics
TemperateBoreal
Source: Alterra
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Root Cause: Linkage between Drainage and Fires
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Water Level from Ground (cm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
- 1 0
0 0
- 9 0
0
- 8 0
0
- 7 0
0
- 6 0
0
- 5 0
0
- 4 0
0
- 3 0
0
- 2 0
0
- 1 0
0
0 1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 0 0
1 km Transect at Drain
Source: DANIDA/UNDP-GEF PSF Project
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Peatland Fires
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B i t l b
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Burning peat releases more carbon
• > 60,000 fires in 3 out of 10 years(1997, 1998, 2002)
• In 2006: > 40,000 fires
• Tentative average annualemissions estimate:1400 to 4300 Mt CO2/y
Tentative estimate of CO2 emissions from fires in Indonesia
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
C e m i s s i o n f r o m p
e a t
f i r e s
( C O 2 ,
M t / y )
Minimum estimate
(1.42 Gt/y average)
Maximum estimate
(4.32 Gt/y average)
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South East Asia - Local Impacts
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Fires on peat swamp forest
Severe fires on
(converted) peatlandsin Riau occur yearly,result in smoke andhaze endangeringtraffic on one ofworld’s key sea lanes
and causing major airpollution in Malaysia
MODIS image June2005 -
Red dots: firesCourtesy MODIS Rapid ResponseTeam
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© NASA TOMS1000 km
Smoke Haze spreads across the region
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Peat Fires in Plantations
Riau province, Sumatera - 24th Jan 2005PKPS , Batang Berjuntai - 2002
South Selangor - 1997
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Uncontrolled drainage leads to peat fires
Naturalcondition
Plantation adjacentto peat causingwater outflow
Draw down of water table
and drying of peat soil
Dry peat veryvulnerable to fire,
besides threatfrom burning in
plantation
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Peatland cleared andConverted to oil palm – butflooded due to subsidence
Source: DANIDA/UNDP-GEF PSF Project
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Regional Action –
ASEAN Government response
ASEAN Peatland Management Initiativeestablished by 10 ASEAN countriesFebruary 2003
ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy(2006-2020) endorsed by 10 ASEANMinisters in November 2006
National Action Plans in preparation Funds being raised to support action for
the first implementation period 2007-2011
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APMI - Objectives1. To enhance understanding and build capacity on
peatland management issues in the region
2. To reduce the incidence of peatland fires andassociated haze in the region
3. To support national and local level implementationactivities on peatland management and fireprevention
4. To develop a regional strategy and cooperationmechanisms to promote sustainable peatlandmanagement
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ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy 2006-2020 (APMS)
13 Focal Areas and 25 Operational Objectives
1. Inventory and assessment
2. Research
3. Capacity building and awareness
4. Information sharing
5. Policies and legislation
6. Fire prevention, control and monitoring
7. Conservation of peatland biodiversity
8. Integrated management of peatlands
9. Establishment of best managed peatlanddemonstration sites
10. Restoration and rehabilitation
11. Peatlands and Climate
12. Regional cooperation
13. Financing of the Initiative
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Next steps
Strengthen joint action at the regional level through ASEAN ( IFAD-GEF project on rehabilitation and sustainable use of peatlands in Se Asia 2009-2012)
ASEAN Coordination and cooperation on REDD (supported by
GTZ). Pilot level activities in several countries with support from
multiple partners.
Establishment of clear methodologies and approaches forprotection, rehabilitation and management to reduce GHGemissions and provide sustainable benefits to local stakeholders.
Establish climate change related financing and incentive systems.